| ... |
... |
@@ -1,189
+1,0 @@ |
| 1 |
|
-=1AC= |
| 2 |
|
- |
| 3 |
|
- |
| 4 |
|
- |
| 5 |
|
-===Plan=== |
| 6 |
|
- |
| 7 |
|
- |
| 8 |
|
- |
| 9 |
|
-====I affirm: The appropriation of outer space by private entities via Large Satellite Constellations in Lower Earth Orbit is unjust.==== |
| 10 |
|
-**Takaya et al 18 **"The Principle of Non-Appropriation and the Exclusive Uses of LEO by Large Satellite Constellations" Yuri Takaya-Umehara ~~Visiting researcher at the University of Tokyo since April 2017. She was affiliated to the Kobe University to provide a course on space law to post-graduate students (2011-2017). She chairs a working group on the formulation of global norms in space law organized by the Keio University since 2018. She obtained her Ph.D. degree at the IDEST of Paris XI University in France, LL.M. at the Leiden University in the Netherlands.~~ Quentin Verspieren ~~Ph.D. in public policy @ The University of Tokyo, Assistant Professor of Space Policy @UTokyo, General Manager, Global Strategy @ArkEdge Space Inc., Associate Research Fellow @ESPI~~ Goutham Karthikeyan ~~The University of Tokyo and Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS-JAXA)~~ 2018 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328094878'The'Principle'of'Non-Appropriation'and'the'Exclusive'Use'of'LEO'by'Large'Satellite'Constellations SM |
| 11 |
|
-LSC = large satellite constellations |
| 12 |
|
-Outlines "L"SC thresholds |
| 13 |
|
-By investigating |
| 14 |
|
- |
| 15 |
|
-AND |
| 16 |
|
- |
| 17 |
|
-and in translating such definition into a clear regulation or code of conduct. |
| 18 |
|
- |
| 19 |
|
- |
| 20 |
|
- |
| 21 |
|
-====Privatization is driving uncontrolled satellite internet constellations that profit at the expense of cooperation and sustainability – perpetuates internet inequality.==== |
| 22 |
|
-**Song and Bloom 20 **"Big Tech is leading the new space race. Here's why that's a problem" Steve Song is a Fellow with the Mozilla Foundation where he works to promote policy and regulation that will increase equitable and affordable access to communication in rural and underserved regions of the world. Peter Bloom is a community digital defense activist and the founder and General Coordinator of Rhizomatica, an international non-profit that helps communities build their own communications infrastructure. He is a former Shuttleworth Foundation fellow and was named an Innovator under 35 by MIT Technology Review and appeared on Foreign Policy's 100 Leading Global Thinkers list in 2015. November 14, 2020 https://www.salon.com/2020/11/14/big-tech-is-leading-the-new-space-race-heres-why-thats-a-problem/ SM |
| 23 |
|
-Big Tech is leading the new space race. Here's why that's a problem |
| 24 |
|
- |
| 25 |
|
- |
| 26 |
|
-AND |
| 27 |
|
- |
| 28 |
|
-affordable access, but also the process through which people gain that access. |
| 29 |
|
- |
| 30 |
|
- |
| 31 |
|
- |
| 32 |
|
-===Adv – Collisions=== |
| 33 |
|
- |
| 34 |
|
- |
| 35 |
|
- |
| 36 |
|
-====Satellite internet constellations accelerate collision risks – more close encounters and less transparency means bad decisions are inevitable.==== |
| 37 |
|
-**Pultarova 21 **"SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says" Tereza Pultarova ~~Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency.~~, August 18, 2021 https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellite-collision-alerts-on-the-rise SM |
| 38 |
|
-SpaceX Starlink satellites responsible for over half of close encounters in orbit, scientist says |
| 39 |
|
- |
| 40 |
|
-AND |
| 41 |
|
- |
| 42 |
|
-be and what it is going to do in the next few days." |
| 43 |
|
- |
| 44 |
|
- |
| 45 |
|
- |
| 46 |
|
-====LEO collisions due to constellations take out ISR and other military assets – debris cascades into different altitudes and triggers Kessler Syndrome.==== |
| 47 |
|
-**Wong 19 **"Congested Outer Space: Increased Deployment of Small Satellite Constellations Could Hamper Military Space Operations" 2019 Arthur Wong ~~Strategic Development of Forces Division, SHAPE. Prior to working at SHAPE he has worked at NATO HQ, within the Defence Investment Division on interoperability for NATO’s multinational battlegroups.~~ https://www.japcc.org/congested-outer-space/ SM |
| 48 |
|
-Since the production of a large number of small satellites in a factory environment will |
| 49 |
|
- |
| 50 |
|
-AND |
| 51 |
|
- |
| 52 |
|
-it is expected to stay in orbit for the next 150 years.21 |
| 53 |
|
- |
| 54 |
|
- |
| 55 |
|
- |
| 56 |
|
-====Collisions with early warning satellites causes miscalc and goes nuclear – magnified by the Kessler effect==== |
| 57 |
|
-Blatt 20 ~~Talia, joint concentration in Social Studies and Integrative Biology at Harvard, specialization in East Asian geopolitics and security issues~~ "Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Emerging Space Arms Race," Harvard International Review, May 26, 2020, https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/ TG |
| 58 |
|
-Despite their deterrent functions, ASATs are more likely to provoke or exacerbate conflicts than |
| 59 |
|
- |
| 60 |
|
-AND |
| 61 |
|
- |
| 62 |
|
-and its allies do not want China to successfully close off the region. |
| 63 |
|
- |
| 64 |
|
- |
| 65 |
|
- |
| 66 |
|
-====Independently causes cyberwar and satellite hacking which escalates.==== |
| 67 |
|
-**Falco 19 **"Opinion: Our satellites are prime targets for a cyberattack. And things could get worse." Gregory Falco ~~Gregory Falco is a cyber research fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center and a postdoctoral security researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He is the founder and chief executive of NeuroMesh, a tech security company.~~ May 7, 2019 https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/our-satellites-are-prime-targets-for-a-cyberattack-and-things-could-get-worse/2019/05/07/31c85438-7041-11e9-8be0-ca575670e91c'story.html SM |
| 68 |
|
-One minute. That’s how long it took me last month to demonstrate to a |
| 69 |
|
- |
| 70 |
|
-AND |
| 71 |
|
- |
| 72 |
|
-Russia to take over SpaceX’s satellites and wreak havoc on our space assets. |
| 73 |
|
- |
| 74 |
|
- |
| 75 |
|
- |
| 76 |
|
-====Empirics prove it’s possible and likely by state and nonstate actors – especially true given private sector cost cutting.==== |
| 77 |
|
-**Akoto 20 **"Hackers could shut down satellites — or turn them into weapons" February 13, 2020 William Akoto ~~a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Denver.~~ https://www.upi.com/Top'News/Voices/2020/02/13/Hackers-could-shut-down-satellites-or-turn-them-into-weapons/4091581597502/ SM |
| 78 |
|
-Feb. 13 (UPI) — Last month, SpaceX became the operator of |
| 79 |
|
- |
| 80 |
|
-AND |
| 81 |
|
- |
| 82 |
|
-areas like cybersecurity that are secondary to actually getting these satellites in space. |
| 83 |
|
- |
| 84 |
|
- |
| 85 |
|
- |
| 86 |
|
-====Nuke war causes extinction – Ice Age, famines, and war won’t stay limited==== |
| 87 |
|
-Edwards 17 ~~Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky. How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate. September 8, 2017. earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate~~ Note, we are only reading parts of the interview that are directly from Paul Edwards — MMG |
| 88 |
|
-In the nuclear conversation, what are we not talking about that we should be |
| 89 |
|
- |
| 90 |
|
-AND |
| 91 |
|
- |
| 92 |
|
-two nuclear powers would stay limited to these smaller, less destructive bombs. |
| 93 |
|
- |
| 94 |
|
- |
| 95 |
|
- |
| 96 |
|
-===Adv – Ozone=== |
| 97 |
|
- |
| 98 |
|
- |
| 99 |
|
- |
| 100 |
|
-====Mega-constellations destroy the ozone layer.==== |
| 101 |
|
-**Pultarova 21 **"Air pollution from reentering megaconstellation satellites could cause ozone hole 2.0" Tereza Pultarova ~~Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency.~~, June 7, 2021 https://www.space.com/starlink-satellite-reentry-ozone-depletion-atmosphere SM |
| 102 |
|
-Aaron Boley — an associate professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of British |
| 103 |
|
- |
| 104 |
|
-AND |
| 105 |
|
- |
| 106 |
|
-poised to make the same type of mistake by our use of space." |
| 107 |
|
- |
| 108 |
|
- |
| 109 |
|
- |
| 110 |
|
-====Ozone hole recovering now but depletion causes extinction.==== |
| 111 |
|
-**Browne 20 **"Scientists warn erosion of ozone layer could lead to a modern mass extinction event" EDWARD BROWNE May 28, 2020 https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1287983/ozone-layer-global-warming-mass-extinction-dinosaurs-Southampton SM |
| 112 |
|
-Scientists warn erosion of ozone layer could lead to a modern mass extinction event |
| 113 |
|
- |
| 114 |
|
- |
| 115 |
|
-AND |
| 116 |
|
- |
| 117 |
|
-to limit the amount of ozone-depleting substances belched out by mankind. |
| 118 |
|
- |
| 119 |
|
- |
| 120 |
|
- |
| 121 |
|
-===FW=== |
| 122 |
|
- |
| 123 |
|
- |
| 124 |
|
- |
| 125 |
|
-====This connection between pain and pleasure and phenomenal conceptions of intrinsic value and disvalue is irrefutable – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience proves.==== |
| 126 |
|
-**Blum et al. 18 **Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. |
| 127 |
|
-Pleasure is not only one of the three primary reward functions but it also defines |
| 128 |
|
- |
| 129 |
|
-AND |
| 130 |
|
- |
| 131 |
|
-these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS. |
| 132 |
|
- |
| 133 |
|
- |
| 134 |
|
- |
| 135 |
|
-====The standard is consistency with hedonic act utilitarianism==== |
| 136 |
|
- |
| 137 |
|
- |
| 138 |
|
- |
| 139 |
|
-====Prefer additionally:==== |
| 140 |
|
- |
| 141 |
|
- |
| 142 |
|
- |
| 143 |
|
-====1~~ Actor specificity – ==== |
| 144 |
|
- |
| 145 |
|
- |
| 146 |
|
- |
| 147 |
|
-====A~~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action.==== |
| 148 |
|
- |
| 149 |
|
- |
| 150 |
|
- |
| 151 |
|
-====B~~ No intent-foresight distinction – If we foresee a consequence, then it becomes part of our deliberation which makes it intrinsic to our action since we intend it to happen.==== |
| 152 |
|
- |
| 153 |
|
- |
| 154 |
|
- |
| 155 |
|
-**===Method===** |
| 156 |
|
- |
| 157 |
|
- |
| 158 |
|
- |
| 159 |
|
-====Psychoanalysis pathologizes oppression. There is no single symbolic order. Engaging in politics can create fissures in libidinal investment. ==== |
| 160 |
|
-Nancy **FRASER 13**. Louise Loeb Professor of Political and Social Science and Professor of Philosophy, The New School. Fortunes of Feminism. Verso Books. 140-9. Modified for ableist language. |
| 161 |
|
-Let me begin by posing two questions: What might a theory of discourse contribute |
| 162 |
|
- |
| 163 |
|
-AND |
| 164 |
|
- |
| 165 |
|
-as Other, but never anything that could count as a social agent. |
| 166 |
|
- |
| 167 |
|
- |
| 168 |
|
- |
| 169 |
|
-====Evaluate the plan before discourse-==== |
| 170 |
|
- |
| 171 |
|
- |
| 172 |
|
- |
| 173 |
|
-====—focusing on their theory and requiring the Aff to defend every assumption collapses global progress ==== |
| 174 |
|
-David A. **Lake 14**. University of California, San Diego, USA. "Theory is dead, long live theory: The end of the Great Debates and the rise of eclecticism in International Relations." European Journal of International Relations 19(3) 567–587 |
| 175 |
|
-More important, as Kuhn (1970) first argued, progress is only possible |
| 176 |
|
- |
| 177 |
|
-AND |
| 178 |
|
- |
| 179 |
|
-but theory — in the plural — lives. Long may they reign. |
| 180 |
|
- |
| 181 |
|
- |
| 182 |
|
- |
| 183 |
|
-====Scenario planning is pedagogically valuable—-analyzing how policies might be otherwise and imagining the consequences is vital to critical reflexivity—-deconstructs cognitive biases and flawed ontological assumptions, and empowers creativity and flexibility in thinking and advocacy. ==== |
| 184 |
|
-Barma et al. 16. Naazneen Barma, Ph.D. Political Science, UC-Berkeley, Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School; Brent Durbin, Ph.D. Political Science, UC-Berkeley, Professor of Government, Smith College; Eric Lorber, J.D. UPenn, Ph.D. Political Science, Duke, Gibson, Dunn and Crutcher; Rachel Whitlark, Ph.D. Political Science, GWU, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Project on Managing the Atom and International Security Program within the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard; "‘Imagine a World in Which’: Using Scenarios in Political Science," International Studies Perspectives, 17(2), p.1-19, http://www.naazneenbarma.com/uploads/2/9/6/9/29695681/using'scenarios'in'political'science'isp'2015.pdf |
| 185 |
|
-Over the past decade, the "cult of irrelevance" in political science scholarship |
| 186 |
|
- |
| 187 |
|
-AND |
| 188 |
|
- |
| 189 |
|
-analysts from anticipating and understanding the pivotal junctures that arise in international affairs. |