1AC - covid 1NC - disease k - climate patent DA - t vaccines - case 1AR covered and link turn on DA 2nr disease k and case 2ar case k and link turn
Heritage Hall
5
Opponent: Cabot AC | Judge: Gina Spanu
1AC - covid 1NC - midterms DA - innovation - case 2NR - innovation and case
Heritage Hall
Quarters
Opponent: Little Rock Central MG | Judge: Nethmin Liyanage, John Sims, Gina Spanu
1AC covid 1NC setcol case 2NR setcol
Heritage Hall
Semis
Opponent: Claudia Taylor Johnson AP | Judge: Gina Spanu, Matthew Slencsak, Amanda Nobra
1AC - COVID 1NC - nebel - innovation - case 2NR - innovation - case
Loyola
1
Opponent: Bishops SR | Judge: Nethmin Liyanage
1AC covid 1NC nation state k
rest all
Loyola
6
Opponent: Peninsula CS | Judge: Danielle Dosch
1AC covid 1NC t reduce must be permanent invest and produce cp china biotech da 1AR all and heg bad 2AR china biotech 2AR heg bad
Loyola
Triples
Opponent: Princeton Independent DR | Judge: Tej Gedela, Sohum Tiwary, Abishek Rao
1AC covid 1NC T reduce must be permanent modi DA climate patent DA 1AR all 2NR modi DA 2AR patents bad for climate turn and modi DA
Loyola
Doubles
Opponent: San Mateo YR | Judge: Gordon Krauss, Neville Tom, Lucas Hunter
1AC covid 1NC t reduce permanent - info sharing cp - comp licensing cp - finance cp - infra da - climate patent da 1ar all 2nr climate patent da case 2ar da case
Meadows
1
Opponent: Sage MP | Judge: Ben Cortez
1AC covid v4 1NC t vaccines - china distribute cp - case turns - carbon border tax - african bioterror - us china war better now than later 1ar all 2nr cp - carbon tax - bioterror
Meadows
4
Opponent: Stanford OHS AY | Judge: Jared Croitoru
1AC - COVID 1NC - psychoanalysis case and k extended throughout
Meadows
6
Opponent: Westwood EV | Judge: David Dosch
1AC - COVID 1NC - T vaccines - counterfeits turn - US heg pic 1AR - all - heg bad 2NR - t vaccine
Meadows
Doubles
Opponent: Marlborough WR | Judge: David Dosch, Lena Mizrahi, Donald Fagan
1AC - COVID 1NC - innovation DA - cap k - compulsory licensing CP 1ar - all - condo 2NR - CP DA case
TOC
2
Opponent: Stockdale RP | Judge: Nick Fleming
1AC starlink 1NC new affs bad - can't spec appropriation - hindi cp - adr cp - xi da - case 2NR nebel - case
TOC
3
Opponent: Bellarmine AK | Judge: Joseph Barquin
1AC starlink 1NC aspec - vague plans bad - object fiat - security k - internet DA 2NR security k
debateLA Challenge
1
Opponent: Northland Christian LB | Judge: Holden Bukowsky, JP Stuckert
1AC - space industrial cap 1NC - disclose plantext - ROB spec - TT - permissibility presumption - kant - ICJ CP - case 1AR all 2NR disclose plantext and neg definition choice on TT 2AR both
debateLA Challenge
6
Opponent: Immaculate Heart BC | Judge: Matt Moorhead, Gabriel Morbeck
1AC - SIC v1 1NC - china pic - us pic - cap good - space col good 1AR - all and condo 2nr - us pic - case defense 2ar - case - pic
debateLA Challenge
4
Opponent: Sequoia AS | Judge: Rodrigo Paramo, Chris Theis
1AC - SIC V1 1NC - satellite pic - global con con CP - space col good 1AR - all w debris turn on sat pic - condo 2NR - satellite pic - case 2AR - concede warming defense - turns to pic
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
If you have any content warnings / theory interps you would like me to meet lmk and we can work something out
For round reports, assume the 1AR and 2AR just covered everything in the 1NC/2NR if they're missing - I'll list impact turns, theory args etc if they are read/gone for
4/9/22
1 - Th - Disclosure
Tournament: Emory | Round: 6 | Opponent: Holy Cross ND | Judge: Nethmin Liyanage Theory Interpretation – Debaters must disclose all aff and neg constructive positions either through open source or first 3 / last 3 on the 2021-2022 NDCA LD wiki, excluding personal narratives or performances. Violation – they didn't – links in the doc, missing most of greenhill and emory docs and any other tournaments they've gone to
Standards – 1 Fairness – disclosure gives us adequate time to prepare before the round so we can adapt the 1AC 2 Clash – we can't research positions before the round which decreases argument quality bc we don't have good answers to engage them with 3 Accessibility – disclosure allows novices and independents to familiarize themselves with common circuit arguments which opens debate up to more people and makes it more equitable f/e voters ci dtd
1/29/22
JF - 1AC - Mars V1
Tournament: Cal RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Strath Haven AM | Judge: Jared Burke, Izak Gallini-Matyas
Mars
Plan: The appropriation of Mars by private entities is unjust.
Colonization
The pursuit of Mars colonization is actively harmful even though it won't happen – legitimates and sanitizes the activity of the ultra rich Kern 21 (Sim, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/bezos-musk-branson-space-billionaires-b1886741.html, 7-19) Last weekend, Richard Branson described his bounce up to low-earth orbit as AND us another billion years before it gets too hot and burns us up.
Ventures directly trade off with nationalized ones – private companies get billions in subsidies to waste on Mars Pizzigati 18 Sam Pizzigati, (Veteran labor journalist and Institute for Policy Studies associate), 3-21-2018, "Billionaires won't save the world – just look at Elon Musk," https://www.commondreams.org/views/2018/03/21/billionaires-wont-save-world-just-look-elon-musk, HW AW Will Mars save humanity? Or will our savior be billionaire Elon Musk? Musk AND never going to save humanity. Neither will bar-hopping on Mars.
Private colonization ensures error replication and resources would be better deployed terrestrially Bharmal 18 (Zahaan works for Google and is a recipient of Nasa's Exceptional Public Achievement Medal for YouTube Space Lab. https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2018/aug/28/the-case-against-mars-colonisation 8-28) The most polarising issue in the Mars debate is arguably the tension between those dreaming AND and is exposed to surface radiation approximately 100 times greater than on Earth.
Mars colonization is disastrous – causes interplanetary war and environmental collapse on earth Morton, PhD, 18 (Adam Morton is a retired philosopher attached to the University of British Columbia https://www.newsweek.com/colonizing-other-planets-could-trigger-war-earth-and-ecological-disaster-1226630, 11-22) Plans for the exploration and even colonization of other planets are very much in the AND the colony solution is likely to make the earthly situation even more dire.
Warming causes extinction – a confluence of nonlinear and unpredictable effects will make human and natural systems inhospitable while increasing escalatory conflicts – even if the impacts are far off, only drastic action soon solves Melton 19 ~Michelle Melton is a 3L at Harvard Law School. Before law school, she was an associate fellow in the Energy and National Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, where she focused on climate policy. Climate Change and National Security, Part II: How Big a Threat is the Climate? January 7, 2019. https://www.lawfareblog.com/climate-change-and-national-security-part-ii-how-big-threat-climate~~ At least until 2050, and possibly for decades after, climate change will remain AND undo the changes to environmental systems and the human societies dependent upon them.
Microbes
Private space activity guarantees Martian contamination- rush, no standards, profit motive Rolfe, PhD, 19 (Samantha, Lecturer in Astrobiology and Principal Technical Officer at Bayfordbury Observatory, University of Hertfordshire https://theconversation.com/elon-musks-starship-may-be-more-moral-catastrophe-than-bold-step-in-space-exploration-124450 10-2) There are many reasons to believe SpaceX will succeed. The company has been extremely AND boundaries of human exploration is more important than the consequences of that exploration.
Preserving Martial life outweighs any benefit of colonization Bharmal 18 (Zahaan works for Google and is a recipient of Nasa's Exceptional Public Achievement Medal for YouTube Space Lab. https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2018/aug/28/the-case-against-mars-colonisation 8-28) It is hard to forget the images six months ago of Elon Musk's midnight cherry AND life must, I think, supersede any other possible use of Mars."
Organisms in space can surpass the immune systems of Earth creatures – colonization is a biosecurity risk Smith et al. 20 ~Adam Smith, Science and Technology reporter for The Independent. Harry Cockburn, newsdesk editor for The Independent. "Space germs could pose threat to mammals' immune systems, scientists warn." Independent, 7-23-2020, accessed 2-17-2022, https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/alien-germs-human-cells-immune-system-science-a9633811.html~~ HWIC Just as the Martians in HG Wells' novel The War of the Worlds are finally slain by "disease bacteria" on Earth, scientists now suggest humans and other mammals could struggle to fight germs from other planets. Given the right conditions and mixture of elements, it is conceivable that microorganisms such AND a rising priority, as missions to other planets are becoming more common.
Disease causes extinction. Ord '20 (Toby Ord is a moral philosopher, Oxford University, Future of Life Institute. Ord has advised the World Health Organization, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, the US National Intelligence Council, the UK Prime Minister's Office, Cabinet Office, and Government Office for Science; "Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"; The Guardian; D.A. April 18th 2020, ~Published March 6th 2020~; https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/06/worst-case-thinking-prevent-pandemics-coronavirus-existential-risk)LFS—JCM ~TITLE~: Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics The world is in the early stages of what may be the most deadly pandemic AND by a positive vision of the longterm future we are trying to protect.
OST
Elon's mars col attempts kill OST legitimacy –trying to establish self governing paradigms and an extra-legal regime, plus it violates article 8 Salmeri 20 Antonino Salmeri, (attorney and doctoral researcher in space law at the University of Luxembourg, where he is pursuing a Ph.D. on space mining enforcement), 12-5-2020, "No, Mars is not a free planet, no matter what SpaceX says," SpaceNews, https://spacenews.com/op-ed-no-mars-is-not-a-free-planet-no-matter-what-spacex-says/, HW AW bracketed for roman numerals SpaceX makes no secret of its driving goal to AND a peaceful, fair and inclusive domain may very well depend on this.
OST collapse kills multilat in space – decks cooperation and diplomacy Cheney, PhD, 20 (Thomas has a PhD in space law from Northumbria University, where his research focused on space resources and the associated issues of the relationship between property rights and sovereignty, Space Resource the Need for Multilateralism in Outer Space, Space Resource the Need for Multilateralism in Outer Space, https://www.open.ac.uk/research-groups/astrobiology/blog/space-resource-need-multilateralism-outer-space) HW ML 24 April 2020 is the International Day of Multilateralism and Diplomacy for Peace. This AND governance of humanity's journey into the cosmos. We shouldn't abandon it now.
Space militarization causes collapse of RandD, commercial ops, economy, and deterrence – global war is inevitable. Gilliard 19, Alexandra. (Alexandra Gilliard is a Senior Editor and interviewer of international relations experts for the International Affairs Forum. She holds an M.S. in Global Studies and International Relations from Northeastern University, and a B.A. in International Relations from Boston University, with expertise in conflict resolution, arms control, human rights issues, and the MENA region.) "What Are the Consequences of Militarizing Outer Space?" Global Security Review, 10 June 2019, https://globalsecurityreview.com/consequences-militarization-space/.JQ Consequences of Armament and Aggression in Space The consequences of weapons testing and aggression in space could span generations, and current AND not yet broken into the space industry or developed equally-advanced weaponry.
Framing
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. To clarify, hedonistic act util. Prefer –
1~ Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not only one of the three primary reward functions but it also defines AND these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
2~ Substitutability—only consequentialism explains necessary enablers – deontology cant explain why we have to do intermediate steps if obligations depends on properties of an act
Risks of private space activity vastly outweigh- government space programs are regulated and equitable. Private space risks handing a megalomaniac their own death star
Kaminska 14 (Izabella is an FT Alphaville reporter. https://www.ft.com/content/02aac296-a920-11e3-bf0c-00144feab7de 3-14) For a long time the idea of commercial space was an eccentric billionaire's pipe dream AND to the risk of a megalomaniac that wants to rename Mars one day.
Utopian space fantasies are precisely that, they will never happen. Their purpose is to distract the public from a new age of capital accumulation
Schutz 19 (Professor of Economics at Rollins College from 1987-2015, and author of Markets and Power: The Twentieth Century Command Economy and Inequality and Power: The Economics of Class, as well as articles in the Review of Radical Political Economics, the Forum for Social Economics, the Journal of Economic Issues, and the Encyclopedia of Political Economy. Eric A., "Planetary Eco-Collapse and Capitalism: A Contemporary Marxist Perspective," Forum for Social Economics, Vol. 49, Issue 3, Taylor and Francis Online) gordon Of course, anything like the revolution needed appears pretty unlikely from the vantage point AND may well resound loudly as among the guiding ideas of the coming struggles.
Warming causes extinction – a confluence of nonlinear and unpredictable effects will make human and natural systems inhospitable while increasing escalatory conflicts – even if the impacts are far off, only drastic action now solves
Melton 19 ~Michelle Melton is a 3L at Harvard Law School. Before law school, she was an associate fellow in the Energy and National Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, where she focused on climate policy. Climate Change and National Security, Part II: How Big a Threat is the Climate? January 7, 2019. https://www.lawfareblog.com/climate-change-and-national-security-part-ii-how-big-threat-climate~~ At least until 2050, and possibly for decades after, climate change will remain AND undo the changes to environmental systems and the human societies dependent upon them.
Contention 2: A New Hope
Thus, I affirm that the appropriation of outer space by private entities is unjust.
Nationalizing space industries socializes risk and reward- public funding is the basis of most innovation, private space guts progress through brain drain
Aronoff 18 (Kate Aronoff is a staff writer at The New Republic and author of Overheated: How Capitalism Broke the Planet — And How We Fight Back. https://inthesetimes.com/article/elon-musk-spacex-tesla-falcon-heavy-launch , 2-8) Scientific American gawked, "Elon Musk Does It Again," praising the "bold AND have to give back some credit, and a cut of the profits.
Nationalization of space replaces dystopian, militaristic visions with educational, valiant ones. Space has the possibility to transform national competition but must be vested from private hands
Reject multiple 1NC shells – they can read one fleshed-out theory argument which promotes clash and sufficiently checks abuse while preserving substance – crowdout o/w on timeframe since we only have a few months to debate the topic – and o/w on education bc research skills are the main portable benefit to debate – six shells in the 1NC makes the 1AR impossible b/c of time skew and makes it impossible for the 1AR to win both theory and substance
FW
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. To clarify, hedonistic act util. Prefer –
1~ Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.
Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not only one of the three primary reward functions but it also defines AND these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
Sinnott-Armstrong 92 ~Walter, professor of practical ethics. "An Argument for Consequentialism" Dartmouth College Philosophical Perspectives. 1992.~ A moral reason to do an act is consequential if and only if the reason AND substitutability if it claims that properties like this provide moral reasons.
1/15/22
JF - 1AC - Starlink V1
Tournament: TOC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Stockdale RP | Judge: Nick Fleming Plan: The appropriation of outer space by private entities for Starlink satellite constellations is unjust.
Advantage
Starlink will soon be 2/3rds of all total satellites Young 3-30-22 (Chris, https://interestingengineering.com/starlink-to-double-satellites) SpaceX will double the number of Starlink satellites in orbit over the next year and AND waiting on approval to send approximately 30,000 more up to orbit.
Starlink will be misperceived as a weapon causing Russia and China to First strike- this escalates to nuclear weapons use Chyba. MPhil/PhD, 20 (Christopher E., New Technologies and Strategic Stability, (2) Spring 2020 Daedalus, the Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences) Satellite deployments already underway indicate that this idea may not be incredible on a twenty AND for misinterpretation or mistakes that in this context could lead to nuclear escalation.
US-China conflict escalates for six reasons – interdependence doesn't check. Mearsheimer, PhD, 21 John J. Mearsheimer, Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, PhD in Government from Cornell, author of The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. "The Inevitable Rivalry," Foreign Affairs November/December issue, accessed 10-21-2021, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2021-10-19/inevitable-rivalry-cold-war HWIC THE DANGER OF A HOT WAR Engagement’s remaining defenders now portray the downward spiral in U.S.-Chinese relations AND more likely in the new cold war, but so is nuclear use.
Megaconstellations destroy the ozone layer through rocket launches and deterioration Delbert 21 (Caroline, https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/satellites/a36651845/satellite-pollution-starlink-ozone/, 6-17) The hole in the ozone layer, Earth’s protective chemical shield that absorbs most of AND because of the hydrogen chloride and alumina they contain,” the researchers write.
Ozone loss threatens extinction Rosenberg 21 (Lizzy, https://www.greenmatters.com/p/what-happens-ozone-layer-gone, 9-17) Climate change is continuously threatening plant and wildlife, it's causing extreme weather conditions, AND Earth truly uninhabitable — even more than it is as of right now.
Current space debris levels are manageable, megaconstellations push us over the brink given their number, cheap design, and planned obsolescence Boley and Byers, PhDs, 21 (Aaron, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 2 Michael, Department of Political Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Satellite mega-constellations create risks in Low Earth Orbit, the atmosphere and on Earth Scientifc Reports | (2021) 11:10642 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89909-7) Thousands of satellites and 1500 rocket bodies provide considerable mass in LEO, which can AND to evaluating the efects of the construction and maintenance of any one constellation.
Debris cascades cause global nuke war Les Johnson 13, Deputy Manager for NASA's Advanced Concepts Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Co-Investigator for the JAXA T-Rex Space Tether Experiment and PI of NASA's ProSEDS Experiment, Master's Degree in Physics from Vanderbilt University, Popular Science Writer, and NASA Technologist, Frequent Contributor to the Journal of the British Interplanetary Sodety and Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Space Society, the World Future Society, and MENSA, Sky Alert!: When Satellites Fail, p. 9-12 language modified Whatever the initial cause, the result may be the same. A satellite destroyed AND , our military advantage over potential adversaries would be dramatically reduced or eliminated.
Independently, collisions with Russian nuclear powered spacecraft radiate the globe. Yuri Zaitsev, academic adviser with the Russian Academy of Engineering Sciences, ‘9, “Russia to develop nuclear-powered spacecraft for Mars mission” http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20091111/156797969.html Soviet and U.S. nuclear spacecraft programs were marred by a number of AND enter the atmosphere, spewing radiation above the Earth and on its surface.
Recent comprehensive studies show mitigation efforts fail- megaconstellations will irreparably damage astronomy Sutter, PhD, 10-6-21 (Paul M. Sutter is an astrophysicist at SUNY Stony Brook and the Flatiron Institute in New York City. Paul received his PhD in Physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2011, and spent three years at the Paris Institute of Astrophysics https://www.space.com/megaconstellations-could-destroy-astronomy-no-easy-fix) Over the next few years, companies across the world are planning to launch tens AND start of the megaconstellation era; more satellites could be on the way.
Planned starlink expansion will pollute every astronomical image Mróz et al, PhDs, 22 (Przemek Mróz1 , Angel Otarola2 , Thomas A. Prince3 , Richard Dekany4 , Dmitry A. Duev3,5 , Matthew J. Graham3 , Steven L. Groom6 , Frank J. Masci6 , and Michael S. Medford7,8 1 Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland; pmroz@astrouw.edu.pl 2 European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Región Metropolitana, Chile 3 Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 4 Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 5 Weights and Biases, Inc., 1479 Folsom St., San Francisco, CA 94103, USA 6 IPAC, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 7 University of California, Berkeley, Department of Astronomy, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 8 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Received 2021 December 10; revised 2021 December 15; accepted 2021 December 25; published 2022 January 14 Impact of the SpaceX Starlink Satellites on the Zwicky Transient Facility Survey Observationshttps://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ac470a/pdf) Figure 1 presents a number of ZTF images with at least one Starlink satellite trail AND image taken during twilight would be contaminated with about 4 satellite streaks
Don’t write off low probability events- an asteroid hit is the highest conceivable magnitude and can be prevented easily with early detection Dreier 21 (Casey Dreier is Senior Space Policy Adviser for The Planetary Society, an independent nonprofit organization based in California. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-an-asteroid-strike-is-like-a-pandemic/, 7-25) Imagine the following scenario. Scientists identify a potential global threat, but initial data AND by small investments now. Let’s not be caught off-guard again.
Framing
The standard is maximizing expected well-being.
The introspective connection between pain and pleasure and phenomenal conceptions of intrinsic value and disvalue is irrefutable – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience proves. Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, “Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies”, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not only AND these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
Reject conventional risk calculus – the magnitude and inevitability of emerging NEO threats requires a totally different model for risk calculus Koplow 19 David A. Koplow. Professor of Law at Georgetown University. He specializes in the areas of public international law, national security law, and the intersection between international law and U.S. constitutional law. Koplow served as Special Counsel for Arms Control to the General Counsel of the Department of Defense (2009-2011); Deputy General Counsel for International Affairs at the Department of Defense (1997-1999); and as Attorney-Advisor and Special Assistant to the Director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (1978-1981). A Rhodes scholar, Koplow graduated from Harvard College and Yale Law School. "Exoatmospheric Plowshares: Using a Nuclear Explosive Device for Planetary Defense against an Incoming Asteroid," UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs 23, no. 1 (Spring 2019): 76-158 Astronomers are fond of observing that the real question is not "whether" Earth AND space object could thus catalyze a larger human-caused tragedy.2 20
IP protections are the vital internal link to reduce vaccine inequality. Empirics disprove all pro patent arguments
Kumar, PhD, 7-12-21 (Rajeesh, Associate Fellow Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis, https://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721) In October 2020, India and South Africa had submitted a proposal to the World AND not expedient in a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic.
Failure to contain COVID-19 causes extinction
Guy R. McPherson, PhD, 20 ~PhD Range Science, Professor Emeritus, University of Arizona School of Natural Resources and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology~, "Will COVID-19 Trigger Extinction of All Life on Earth?" Eart and Envi Scie Res and Rev, Volume 3 Issue 2, 4-8-2020, https://opastonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/will-covid-19-trigger-extinction-of-all-life-on-earth-eesrr-20-.pdf Small lives matter. Indeed, the "human body contains about 100 trillion cells AND that a microscopic virus could pull the trigger on our extinction ~15~.
Continued COVID spread causes great power war and kills multilateralism - diversion, nationalism, psychology
Kitfield 20 (James, the only three-time winner of the prestigious Gerald R. Ford Award for Distinguished Reporting on National Defense, https://breakingdefense.com/2020/05/will-covid-19-kill-the-liberal-world-order/, 5-22) For a brief moment it seemed that the worst global pandemic in a century might AND dangerous period when cooler heads may not prevail among the great power leaders."
Even a limited nuclear war would cause extinction – best science.
Cribb 17 (Julian, BA Classics@WesternAusstralia, FoundingEditor@ScienceAlert, Surviving the 21st Century, Springer) The most publicised horrors of nuclear war, over the past half-century, AND of possible nuclear and chemical terrorism, and their consequences, is lengthening.
COVID vaccine debate will kill the WTO- there are no alternate causes and solvency is reverse causal
The WTO dampens US-China great power conflict which is crucial to solve a laundry list of existential threats. Cooperation on global vaccine distribution is a vital test case
Shaffer, JD Stanford, 21 (Gregory Shaffer is Chancellor's Professor at the University of California, Irvine, and author of the forthcoming book, "Emerging Powers in the World Trading System: The Past and Future of International Economic Law." https://thehill.com/opinion/international/559049-the-us-must-engage-with-china-even-when-countering-china, 6-21) A policy statement heard around the world is that U.S. engagement with AND outcomes, such as to provide vaccines globally and to develop green technologies.
Unchecked protectionism spurred by COVID threatens free trade ¬– WTO legitimacy is key
Solís 20 ~Mireya Solís, Director - Center for East Asia Policy Studies Senior Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center for East Asia Policy Studies Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?," Brookings, 7-10-2020, accessed 9-3-2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ HWIC The damage caused by the worst global health crisis in a century is vast. AND -edged globalization forged by the crucible of geopolitical risk and pandemic disruption.
Growth and free trade reduce the likelihood of war
Tønnesson '15 - Stein Tønnesson 15, Research Professor, Peace Research Institute Oslo; Leader of East Asia Peace program, Uppsala University, 2015, "Deterrence, interdependence and Sino–US peace," International Area Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 297-311 Several recent works on China and Sino–US relations have made substantial contributions to AND each other, with a view to obliging Washington or Beijing to intervene.
Plan
Plan: Member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines for COVID-19.
WTO Communication 20 (Communication from India and South Africa to the WTO Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. "WAIVER FROM CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT FOR THE PREVENTION, CONTAINMENT AND TREATMENT OF COVID-19." 10-02-2020, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/IP/C/W669.pdfandamp;Open=True) 9. There are several reports about intellectual property rights hindering or potentially hindering timely AND TRIPS urgently recommends to the General Council adoption of the annexed decision text.
The plan creates a new goldilocks patent law that exempts pandemics
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. To clarify, hedonistic act util. Prefer –
1~ Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.
Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not only one of the three primary reward functions but it also defines AND these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
2~ No act omission distinction – outweighs on actor specificity because different actors have different obligations.
Shwartz 19 Schwartz, Gregory. (2019). THE ETHICS OF OMISSION. Think, 18(51), 117–121. doi:10.1017/s1477175618000404 A trolley worker in Victoria London is near the tracks when he sees a runaway AND same source: consent. Ultimately, the root of responsibility is consent.
3~ Weighability – only consequentialism can explain the ethical difference in breaking a promise to take someone to the hospital and to lunch – that outweighs – a~ resolvability – deontological fws can't weigh between violations so they can't guide action b~ intuitions – they're a necessary side constraint on all ethics
Theory
1~ 1AR theory – aff gets it or we can't check infinite 1NC abuse
A~ Fairness and education are voters – debate's a game that teaches lifelong portable skills and needs rules to evaluate it
B~ Competing interps – 1AR interps aren't bidirectional and the neg should have to defend their norm since they have more time
C~ Drop the debater – the 1AR is already skewed from abuse on substance and 2AR restarts make the debate irresolvable
D~ No RVIs – you don't win for being fair
2~ Use reasonability with the brightline of in-round abuse for aff c/is—
A~ They could read multiple shells, like spec good bad, which we'll always violate — default to substance if we resolve most of their offense
B~ the 1AR has 4 minutes to generate offense, answer standards, and weigh while still covering substance—reasonable aff interps preserve topic education
9/4/21
SO - 1AC - COVID V2 - Lay
Tournament: Heritage Hall | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cabot AC | Judge: Gina Spanu
WTO COVID AFF
1AC — COVID
Advantage
Global health inequality threatens progress in fight vs COVID-19 encouraging vaccine resistant mutations
IP protections are the vital internal link to reduce vaccine inequality. Empirics disprove all pro patent arguments
Kumar, PhD, July 12 2021 (Rajeesh, Associate Fellow Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis, https://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721) In October 2020, India and South Africa had submitted a proposal to the World AND not expedient in a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic.
Continued COVID spread causes great power war – diversion, nationalism, psychology
Kitfield, 2020 (James, the only three-time winner of the prestigious Gerald R. Ford Award for Distinguished Reporting on National Defense, https://breakingdefense.com/2020/05/will-covid-19-kill-the-liberal-world-order/, 5-22) For a brief moment it seemed that the worst global pandemic in a century might AND dangerous period when cooler heads may not prevail among the great power leaders."
Even a limited nuclear war would cause complete human extinction – best science.
Cribb, 2017 (Julian, BA Classics@WesternAusstralia, FoundingEditor@ScienceAlert, Surviving the 21st Century, Springer) The most publicised horrors of nuclear war, over the past half-century, AND of possible nuclear and chemical terrorism, and their consequences, is lengthening.
The COVID vaccine debate will kill the WTO – a waiver can save it
Protectionism spurred by COVID threatens free trade ¬– WTO legitimacy is key to solve that
Solís, 2020 ~Mireya Solís, Director - Center for East Asia Policy Studies Senior Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center for East Asia Policy Studies Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?," Brookings, 7-10-2020, accessed 9-3-2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ HWIC The damage caused by the worst global health crisis in a century is vast. AND -edged globalization forged by the crucible of geopolitical risk and pandemic disruption.
The WTO reduces war through peace dividends, interdependence, and rule of law
Baldwin, PhD, and Nakotomi, 2015 (Richard Baldwin, professor of international economics at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Michitaka, Consulting Fellow at the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI) and a Special Adviser to the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO). https://cepr.org/sites/default/files/policy_insights/PolicyInsight84.pdf, July) The WTO, and the GATT before it, has been one the planet's precious AND only – example of a multilateral and nearuniversal framework of rules and law.
It's also crucial to make global trade equitable and reduce poverty
Narlikar, PhD, 2018 (AMRITA NARLIKAR is President of the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies and a professor at the University of Hamburg. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2018-03-05/trade-war-poor, 3-5) Recurrent deadlocks have plagued the Doha negotiations since their launch in 2001, damaging the AND lose for all, but particularly the poorest in developed and rising powers.
Economic interdependence discourages war – history proves.
Plan: Member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines for COVID-19.
WTO Communication 2020 has spec (Communication from India and South Africa to the WTO Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. "WAIVER FROM CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT FOR THE PREVENTION, CONTAINMENT AND TREATMENT OF COVID-19." 10-02-2020, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/IP/C/W669.pdfandamp;Open=True) 9. There are several reports about intellectual property rights hindering or potentially hindering timely AND TRIPS urgently recommends to the General Council adoption of the annexed decision text.
The plan creates a new goldilocks patent law that exempts pandemics
My value is morality. The value criterion is maximizing expected well-being. To clarify, hedonistic act util. Prefer –
Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.
Blum et al. 2018 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not only one of the three primary reward functions but it also defines AND these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
10/10/21
SO - 1AC - COVID V3
Tournament: Heart of Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: Loyola LR | Judge: David Dosch
1AC — COVID
Advantage
Global health inequality threatens progress in fight vs COVID-19 encouraging vaccine resistant mutations
IP protections are the vital internal link to reduce vaccine inequality. Empirics disprove all pro patent arguments
Kumar, PhD, 7-12-21 (Rajeesh, Associate Fellow Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis, https://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721) In October 2020, India and South Africa had submitted a proposal to the World AND not expedient in a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic.
Continued COVID spread causes great power war – diversion, nationalism, psychology
Kitfield 20 (James, the only three-time winner of the prestigious Gerald R. Ford Award for Distinguished Reporting on National Defense, https://breakingdefense.com/2020/05/will-covid-19-kill-the-liberal-world-order/, 5-22) For a brief moment it seemed that the worst global pandemic in a century might AND dangerous period when cooler heads may not prevail among the great power leaders."
Even a limited nuclear war would cause extinction – best science.
Cribb 17 (Julian, BA Classics@WesternAusstralia, FoundingEditor@ScienceAlert, Surviving the 21st Century, Springer) The most publicised horrors of nuclear war, over the past half-century, AND of possible nuclear and chemical terrorism, and their consequences, is lengthening.
COVID vaccine debate will kill the WTO- there are no alternate causes and solvency is reverse causal
Unchecked protectionism spurred by COVID threatens free trade ¬– WTO legitimacy is key
Solís 20 ~Mireya Solís, Director - Center for East Asia Policy Studies Senior Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center for East Asia Policy Studies Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?," Brookings, 7-10-2020, accessed 9-3-2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ HWIC The damage caused by the worst global health crisis in a century is vast. AND -edged globalization forged by the crucible of geopolitical risk and pandemic disruption.
Trade solves war –
1~ by creating incentives for peace in major trade routes
Gallea and Rohner, PhD, 21 (Quentin Gallea, PhD, postdoctoral researcher in political economy at the University of Zürich, and Dominic Rohner, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne, "Globalization mitigates the risk of conflict caused by strategic territory," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 118, Number 39, September 28, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105624118) Competing for the control of strategic waterways and world trade routes has highlighted potential dangers AND it for military combat over the control of locations of high strategic importance.
2~ by increasing interdependence fostering restraint
WTO Collapse causes hostile blocs gutting benefits of trade/growth
Dadush 19 (Uri Dadush is a Senior Fellow at the Policy Center for the New South in Rabat, Morocco and a non-resident scholar at Bruegel. https://www.policycenter.ma/publications/seven-predictions-about-world-without-wto, 4-23) Now to the main task: imagining world trade without the WTO/GATT system AND to a downward spiral that may result in profound depression and mass unemployment.
The WTO is crucial to make global trade equitable and reduce poverty
Narlikar, PhD, 18 (AMRITA NARLIKAR is President of the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies and a professor at the University of Hamburg. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2018-03-05/trade-war-poor, 3-5) Recurrent deadlocks have plagued the Doha negotiations since their launch in 2001, damaging the AND lose for all, but particularly the poorest in developed and rising powers.
Plan
Plan: Member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines for COVID-19.
WTO Communication 20 has spec (Communication from India and South Africa to the WTO Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. "WAIVER FROM CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT FOR THE PREVENTION, CONTAINMENT AND TREATMENT OF COVID-19." 10-02-2020, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/IP/C/W669.pdfandamp;Open=True) 9. There are several reports about intellectual property rights hindering or potentially hindering timely AND TRIPS urgently recommends to the General Council adoption of the annexed decision text.
The plan creates a new goldilocks patent law that exempts pandemics
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. To clarify, hedonistic act util. Prefer –
1~ Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.
Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not only one of the three primary reward functions but it also defines AND these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
2~ Actor specificity:
A~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action because governments intrinsically must make tradeoffs to act.
B~ No intent-foresight distinction for governments – deliberating over an action requires analysis of foreseen consequences which could be prevented which makes them intrinsic to state action
C~ Governments aren't singular rational agents which makes theories about individuals irrelevant – only consequentialism solves by analyzing ends divorced from an actor
IP protections are the vital internal link to reduce vaccine inequality. Empirics disprove all pro patent arguments
Kumar, PhD, 7-12-21 (Rajeesh, Associate Fellow Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis, https://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/wto-trips-waiver-covid-vaccine-rkumar-120721) In October 2020, India and South Africa had submitted a proposal to the World AND not expedient in a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic.
Taiwan buying foreign vaccines or receiving donations is seen as a move to independence – sparks Chinese aggression
Zhong and Schuetze, 21 Zhong, R., Schuetze, C. F. (2021, June 16). Taiwan Accuses China of Blocking Access to BioNTech Vaccines. The New York Times. Raymond Zhong joined The New York Times as a technology reporter in 2017. Christopher F. Schuetze joined the Berlin bureau of The New York Times in 2018 to help cover German politics, society and breaking news. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/business/taiwan-china-biontech-vaccine.html The two sides have traded accusations about whether political motivations are keeping the Taiwanese people AND , three-quarters of respondents said they wouldn't take a Chinese vaccine.
The squo is key – Taiwan is the key internal link to US-China war
Buckley and Myers, 10-9-21 Buckley, C., Myers, S. L. (2021, October 9). U.S. and China Enter Dangerous Territory Over Taiwan. The New York Times. Chris Buckley is chief China correspondent and lived in China for most of the past 30 years after growing up in Sydney, Australia. Before joining The Times in 2012, he was a correspondent in Beijing for Reuters. Steven Lee Myers is the Beijing bureau chief for The New York Times. He joined The Times in 1989 and has previously worked as a correspondent in Moscow, Baghdad and Washington. He is the author of "The New Tsar: The Rise and Reign of Vladimir Putin," published by Alfred A. Knopf in 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/09/world/asia/united-states-china-taiwan.html?campaign_id=9and~~#38;emc=edit_nn_20211010and~~#38;instance_id=42511and~#38;nl=the-morningand~#38;regi_id=111326935and~#38;segment_id=71276and~#38;te=1and~#38;user_id=4ba0fa874fa3253e713b5e8ae88770e2 The 25 Chinese fighter jets, bombers and other warplanes flew in menacing formations off AND in a July talk, about the possibility of armed conflict over Taiwan.
Military documents prove that goes nuclear – deterrence doesn't check, reject old defense.
Savage 5-22-21 ~Charlie Savage, master's degree from Yale Law School as part of a Knight Foundation journalism fellowship, author of "Power Wars," published in 2015, an investigative history of national-security legal policymaking in the Obama administration, and "Takeover," published in 2007, which chronicles the Bush-Cheney administration's efforts to expand presidential power. "Risk of Nuclear War Over Taiwan in 1958 Said to Be Greater Than Publicly Known", NY Times, 5-22-2021, accessed 10-30-2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/22/us/politics/nuclear-war-risk-1958-us-china.html~~ HWIC WASHINGTON — When Communist Chinese forces began shelling islands controlled by Taiwan in 1958, AND is to defend the offshore islands then the consequences had to be accepted."
Even a limited nuclear war would cause extinction – best science.
Cribb 17 (Julian, BA Classics@WesternAusstralia, FoundingEditor@ScienceAlert, Surviving the 21st Century, Springer) The most publicised horrors of nuclear war, over the past half-century, AND of possible nuclear and chemical terrorism, and their consequences, is lengthening.
Trade
COVID vaccine debate will kill the WTO- there are no alternate causes and solvency is reverse causal
Unchecked protectionism spurred by COVID threatens free trade ¬– WTO legitimacy is key
Solís 20 ~Mireya Solís, Director - Center for East Asia Policy Studies Senior Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center for East Asia Policy Studies Philip Knight Chair in Japan Studies. "The post COVID-19 world: Economic nationalism triumphant?," Brookings, 7-10-2020, accessed 9-3-2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/the-post-covid-19-world-economic-nationalism-triumphant/~~ HWIC The damage caused by the worst global health crisis in a century is vast. AND -edged globalization forged by the crucible of geopolitical risk and pandemic disruption.
WTO Collapse causes hostile blocs gutting benefits of trade/growth
Dadush 19 (Uri Dadush is a Senior Fellow at the Policy Center for the New South in Rabat, Morocco and a non-resident scholar at Bruegel. https://www.policycenter.ma/publications/seven-predictions-about-world-without-wto, 4-23) Now to the main task: imagining world trade without the WTO/GATT system AND to a downward spiral that may result in profound depression and mass unemployment.
Economic interdependence discourages war – empirics prove
Lake 18. ~(David Lake is a Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. "Economic Openness and Great Power Competition: Lessons for China and the United States," April 30, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3171196/~~ TDI I develop two central arguments. First, historically, great power competition has been AND politics and grand strategy,14 and systemic theories of international relations.15
Solvency
Plan: Member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines for COVID-19.
WTO Communication 20 has spec (Communication from India and South Africa to the WTO Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. "WAIVER FROM CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT FOR THE PREVENTION, CONTAINMENT AND TREATMENT OF COVID-19." 10-02-2020, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/IP/C/W669.pdfandamp;Open=True) 9. There are several reports about intellectual property rights hindering or potentially hindering timely AND TRIPS urgently recommends to the General Council adoption of the annexed decision text.
The plan creates a new goldilocks patent law that exempts pandemics
The standard is maximizing expected well-being. To clarify, hedonistic act util. Prefer –
1~ Pleasure and pain are intrinsic value and disvalue – everything else regresses – robust neuroscience.
Blum et al. 18 Kenneth Blum, 1Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 2Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA 5Department of Precision Medicine, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA 6Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Nupathways Inc., Innsbrook, MO, USA 7Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, USA 8Division of Neuroscience-Based Addiction Therapy, The Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA 9Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary 10Division of Addiction Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. North Kingston, RI, USA 11Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA., USA 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA, Marjorie Gondré-Lewis, 12National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Washington, DC., USA 13Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC US, Bruce Steinberg, 4Division of Applied Clinical Research and Education, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA, Igor Elman, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, David Baron, 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Edward J Modestino, 14Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, 15Department Psychiatry, Cooper University School of Medicine, Camden, NJ, USA, Mark S Gold 16Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA, "Our evolved unique pleasure circuit makes humans different from apes: Reconsideration of data derived from animal studies", U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 28 February 2018, accessed: 19 August 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6446569/, R.S. Pleasure is not only one of the three primary reward functions but it also defines AND these circuits contribute to diverse pathologies, including obesity and addiction or RDS.
2~ Actor specificity:
A~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action because governments intrinsically must make tradeoffs to act.
B~ No intent-foresight distinction for governments – deliberating over an action requires analysis of foreseen consequences which could be prevented which makes them intrinsic to state action
C~ Governments aren't singular rational agents which makes theories about individuals irrelevant – only consequentialism solves by analyzing ends divorced from an actor