Harker Zhang Aff
| Tournament | Round | Opponent | Judge | Cites | Round Report | Open Source | Edit/Delete |
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| Berkeley | 1 | Nova 42 JF | Yegor Zenkov |
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| Berkeley | 3 | HWL JH | Lena Mizrahi |
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| Berkeley | 6 | Brophy CC | Sophia Rebar |
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| Contact | Finals | Contact | Contact |
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| Glenbrooks | 1 | Valor Christian LS | Leah Clark-Villanueva |
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| Glenbrooks | 4 | Bentonville West KM | Morgan Copeland |
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| Glenbrooks | 5 | Scarsdale JK | Shena Han |
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| Glenbrooks | 7 | James Logan AB | Lauren Woodall |
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| Harvard-Westlake | 2 | HW AW | Jonathan Jeong |
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| Harvard-Westlake | 4 | Marlborough ML | Joshua Michael |
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| Harvard-Westlake | 5 | HW WL | Matt Moorhead |
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| Milpitas | 3 | Athens AA | Sharon Clay |
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| Mlipitas | 1 | Notre Dame San Jose AG | Mushtaq Bapoo |
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| St Marks | 3 | Strake CM | Dillon Johnson |
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| St Marks | 6 | Marlborough TZ | Gordon Krauss |
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| St Marks | 1 | Lovejoy JV | Gerard Grigsby |
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| Tournament | Round | Report |
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| Berkeley | 1 | Opponent: Nova 42 JF | Judge: Yegor Zenkov 1AC - mining |
| Berkeley | 3 | Opponent: HWL JH | Judge: Lena Mizrahi 1AC - mining |
| Berkeley | 6 | Opponent: Brophy CC | Judge: Sophia Rebar 1AC - mining |
| Glenbrooks | 1 | Opponent: Valor Christian LS | Judge: Leah Clark-Villanueva 1AC - eu |
| Glenbrooks | 4 | Opponent: Bentonville West KM | Judge: Morgan Copeland 1AC - eu |
| Glenbrooks | 5 | Opponent: Scarsdale JK | Judge: Shena Han 1AC - EU |
| Glenbrooks | 7 | Opponent: James Logan AB | Judge: Lauren Woodall 1AC - eu |
| Harvard-Westlake | 2 | Opponent: HW AW | Judge: Jonathan Jeong 1AC - mining |
| Harvard-Westlake | 5 | Opponent: HW WL | Judge: Matt Moorhead 1AC - mining |
| Milpitas | 3 | Opponent: Athens AA | Judge: Sharon Clay 1AC - covid lay |
| Mlipitas | 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame San Jose AG | Judge: Mushtaq Bapoo 1AC - covid lay |
| St Marks | 3 | Opponent: Strake CM | Judge: Dillon Johnson 1AC - Covid |
| St Marks | 6 | Opponent: Marlborough TZ | Judge: Gordon Krauss 1AC - COVID v2 |
| St Marks | 1 | Opponent: Lovejoy JV | Judge: Gerard Grigsby 1AC - COVID |
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
| Entry | Date |
|---|---|
00 - Contact InformationTournament: Contact | Round: Finals | Opponent: Contact | Judge: Contact | 10/18/21 |
JF - Mining V1Tournament: Harvard-Westlake | Round: 2 | Opponent: HW AW | Judge: Jonathan Jeong 1ACPlanSpace faring nations should establish a multilateral agreement that restricts asteroid mining done by private entities.Adv - MiningPrivate entities are increasing mining now – US is keyRobert Garcia 18, currently an LLM Candidate in Cornell Law School's Law, Entrepreneurship and Technology program at Cornell Tech in NYC., "Regulating International Space Mining, an Enormous Industry," Pacific Council on International Policy, 10-23-2018, https://www.pacificcouncil.org/newsroom/regulating-international-space-mining-enormous-industry It causes dangerous space mining and deregulation globally – multilateralism solves.Edd Gent 20, freelance science and technology writer, "Space Mining Should Be a Global Project—But It's Not Starting Off That Way," Singularity Hub, 10-12-2020, https://singularityhub.com/2020/10/12/the-us-is-trying-to-hijack-space-mining-and-there-could-be-disastrous-consequences/ Dangerous mining greatly increases the risk of space debris.Sarah Scoles 15, "Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites," New Scientist, 5-27-2015, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630235-100-dust-from-asteroid-mining-spells-danger-for-satellites/ Clustering makes the risk of collisions uniquely high and the risk is understatedDr. Darren McKnight 17, Ph.D., Technical Director for Integrity Applications, Previously Senior Vice President and Director of Science and Technology Strategy at Science Applications International Corporation, "Proposed Series of Orbital Debris Remediation Activities," 3rd International Conference and Exhibition on Satellite and Space Missions, 5/13/2017, https://iaaweb.org/iaa/Scientific20Activity/debrisminutes03166.pdf ~graphics omitted~ Debris cascades cause global nuke warLes Johnson 13, Deputy Manager for NASA's Advanced Concepts Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Co-Investigator for the JAXA T-Rex Space Tether Experiment and PI of NASA's ProSEDS Experiment, Master's Degree in Physics from Vanderbilt University, Popular Science Writer, and NASA Technologist, Frequent Contributor to the Journal of the British Interplanetary Sodety and Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Space Society, the World Future Society, and MENSA, Sky Alert!: When Satellites Fail, p. 9-12 ~language modified~ Satellites are key to environmental monitoring – debris collapses it and causes climate extincitonBen Biggs 18, PhD Researcher in Computer Vision and Deep Learning at the University of Cambridge, "How Satellites Can Protect Planet Earth From Disaster", HowItWorks Daily, 12/22/2018, https://www.howitworksdaily.com/how-satellites-can-protect-planet-earth-from-disaster/ Independently, unregulated mining causes space warFengna Xu 20, Law School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, "The approach to sustainable space mining: issues, challenges, and solutions," Fengna Xu 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 738 012014 That goes nuclear – the domain is fragile and offense dominant, so even small incidents escalateLaura Grego 18, Senior Scientist in the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, Postdoctoral Researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, PhD in Experimental Physics at the California Institute of Technology, Space and Crisis Stability, Union of Concerned Scientists, 3-19-18, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/7804-grego-space-and-crisis-stabilitypdf Adv - MultilateralismPrivate appropriation by US entities risks unraveling multilateral space governance.Mike Wall 20, Senior Space Writer, "US policy could thwart sustainable space development, researchers say," Space, 10-8-2020, https://www.space.com/us-space-policy-mining-artemis-accords Pursuing mining multilaterally is key to solve future space governance and cooperation on other issues.Jack M. Beard 17, Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Nebraska College of Law, Space, Cyber and Telecommunications Law Program, LLM from Georgetown University, JD from the University of Michigan School of Law, and Former Associate Deputy General Counsel (International Affairs) at the Department of Defense, Former Lieutenant Colonel in the Judge Advocate General's Corps in the U.S. Army Reserve, "Soft Law's Failure on the Horizon: The International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities", University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, Spring 2017, 38 U. Pa. J. Int'l L. 335, Lexis Cooperative space governance solves existential threatsDr. Joseph N. Pelton 17, PhD in International Relations from Georgetown University, Director Emeritus of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute at George Washington University, The New Gold Rush: The Riches of Space Beckon!, p. 1-9 Terrorism alone goes nuclearElizabeth Borgwardt 16, History Professor at Washington University and Author of The Nuremberg Idea, forthcoming from Knopf, 9/11: What Would Trump Do?, Politico, March 2016, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/03/donald-trump-2016-terrorist-attack-foreign-policy-213784 Resource shortages cause warFrosty Woolridge 9, Former Officer at the US Army Medical Service Corps, "America Galloping Toward Its Greatest Crisis in the 21st Century", The Examiner, 5-22, http://www.examiner.com/examiner/x-3515-Denver-Political-Issues-Examiner~~y2009m5d22-America-galloping-toward-its-greatest-crisis-in-the-21st-century Space governance forges a framework to deal with multiple existential threats—-U.S. lead is keyDr. Nancy Gallagher 13. Ph.D., Associate Director for Research at the Center for International and Security Studies and Senior Research Scholar at the University of Maryland's School of Public Policy. 02/11/2013. "International Cooperation and Space Governance Strategy." Space Strategy in the 21st Century: Theory and Policy, Routledge. Extinction's inevitable without multilateral space governanceDuncan Blake 17 and Steven Freeland. Blake, PhD Candidate, Law and Military Uses of Outer Space, University of Adelaide; Steven Freeland, Dean, School of Law and Professor of International Law, Western Sydney University. 7-17-2017. "As the World Embraces Space, the 50-Year-Old Outer Space Treaty Needs Adaptation." Space. https://www.space.com/37500-outer-space-treaty-needs-adaptation.html Util FrameworkThe standard is maximizing expected well-being.Reducing existential risks is the top priority in any coherent moral theoryPummer 15 | 1/15/22 |
ND - EU AuthoritarianismTournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Valor Christian LS | Judge: Leah Clark-Villanueva 1ACPlan: The member nations of the European Union ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Strike rights are backsliding in Eastern Europe – especially after COVIDLynch 21 ~Esther Lynch was elected as a deputy general secretary of the European Trade Union Confederation at its Vienna Congress in 2019, having previously been a confederal secretary. "Time to put an end to union-busting." https://socialeurope.eu/time-to-put-an-end-to-union-busting~~ The right to strike is key to global democracy – organized and empowered labor secures reforms in every areaPuddington 10 ~Arch Puddington is currently Senior Scholar Emeritus at Freedom House. He also previously served as the Senior Vice President for Research at Freedom House. "The Global State of Workers' Rights: Free Labor in a Hostile World." https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/WorkerRightsFULLBooklet-FINAL.pdf~~ Establishing an unconditional right to strike is key – it's the backbone of organized labor activities in every sectorPope 18 ~James Gray Pope is a distinguished professor of law at Rutgers Law School and serves on the executive council of the Rutgers Council of AAUP/AFT Chapters, AFL-CIO. He can be reached at jpope@law.rutgers.edu. "Labor's right to strike is essential." https://www.psc-cuny.org/clarion/september-2018/laborE28099s-right-strike-essential~~ It spills over – democratized labor creates a culture of participation that offsets authoritarian populismSpiegelaere 18 ~Stan De Spiegelaere is a researcher at the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI). "An Unlikely Cure For Populism: Workplace Democracy." https://socialeurope.eu/an-unlikely-cure-for-populism-workplace-democracy~~ Now is key – Trump stress-tested global democracy, shoring up cohesion now solves norms on emerging techRasmussen 12/15 ~Anders Fogh Rasmussen was NATO secretary general, 2009-14. He founded the Alliance of Democracies Foundation in 2017, "A New Way to Lead the Free World", 12/15/20, https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/a-new-way-to-lead-the-free-world-11608053780~~ That prevents extinction from automation, strategic stability, genetic engineeringJain 19 ~Ash Jain is a senior fellow with the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, where he oversees the Atlantic Council's Democratic Order Initiative and D-10 Strategy Forum, Matthew Kroenig, "Present at the Re-Creation: A Global Strategy for Revitalizing, Adapting, and Defending a Rules-Based International System", 2019, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Present-at-the-Recreation.pdf~~ Authoritarian tech lead is an S-Risk of irreversible, constant suffering. That outweighs extinctionMinardi 20 ~Di Minardi, "The grim fate that could be 'worse than extinction'", 10/15/20, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201014-totalitarian-world-in-chains-artificial-intelligence~~ Internal divergence is greater than ever before – it will unravel NATO and cause global warKagan 18, ~King Robert Kagan is a Stephen and Barbara Friedman Senior Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center for Security, Strategy, and Technology, Project on International Order and Strategy, Heg daddy, NATO's global peace is unraveling and we can't see it, July 15, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/07/15/natos-global-peace-is-unraveling-and-we-cant-see-it/~~ European authoritarianism breaks the EUCassidi Beck 20. Masters Thesis in Political Science at Stellenbosch University. "The Rise of Strongmen Leaders: A Threat to Global Security". EU breakup causes nuclear war.Fiedler 18 ~Lauren Fielder, Professor Fielder is Assistant Dean of Graduate and International Programs and Director of the Institute for Transnational Law at the University of Texas at Austin, '18, "Is Nationalism the Most Serious Challenge to Human Rights? Warnings from BREXIT and Lessons from History," 53 Tex. Int'l L.J. 212~ Ensuring the right to strike solves democracy and inequalityKiai 17 ~Mr. Maina Kiai, Special Rapporteur on freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, took up his functions as the first Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in May 2011. He is appointed in his personal capacity as an independent expert by the UN Human Rights Council. "UN rights expert: "Fundamental right to strike must be preserved"." https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21328andLangID=E~~ | 11/20/21 |
ND - EU Authoritarianism V2Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bentonville West KM | Judge: Morgan Copeland 1ACPlan: The member nations of the European Union ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Strike rights are backsliding in Eastern Europe – especially after COVIDLynch 21 ~Esther Lynch was elected as a deputy general secretary of the European Trade Union Confederation at its Vienna Congress in 2019, having previously been a confederal secretary. "Time to put an end to union-busting." https://socialeurope.eu/time-to-put-an-end-to-union-busting~~ The right to strike is key to global democracy – organized and empowered labor secures reforms in every areaPuddington 10 ~Arch Puddington is currently Senior Scholar Emeritus at Freedom House. He also previously served as the Senior Vice President for Research at Freedom House. "The Global State of Workers' Rights: Free Labor in a Hostile World." https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/WorkerRightsFULLBooklet-FINAL.pdf~~ Establishing an unconditional right to strike is key – it's the backbone of organized labor activities in every sectorPope 18 ~James Gray Pope is a distinguished professor of law at Rutgers Law School and serves on the executive council of the Rutgers Council of AAUP/AFT Chapters, AFL-CIO. He can be reached at jpope@law.rutgers.edu. "Labor's right to strike is essential." https://www.psc-cuny.org/clarion/september-2018/laborE28099s-right-strike-essential~~ It spills over – democratized labor creates a culture of participation that offsets authoritarian populismSpiegelaere 18 ~Stan De Spiegelaere is a researcher at the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI). "An Unlikely Cure For Populism: Workplace Democracy." https://socialeurope.eu/an-unlikely-cure-for-populism-workplace-democracy~~ Now is key – Trump stress-tested global democracy, shoring up cohesion now solves norms on emerging techRasmussen 12/15 ~Anders Fogh Rasmussen was NATO secretary general, 2009-14. He founded the Alliance of Democracies Foundation in 2017, "A New Way to Lead the Free World", 12/15/20, https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/a-new-way-to-lead-the-free-world-11608053780~~ That prevents extinction from automation, strategic stability, genetic engineeringJain 19 ~Ash Jain is a senior fellow with the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, where he oversees the Atlantic Council's Democratic Order Initiative and D-10 Strategy Forum, Matthew Kroenig, "Present at the Re-Creation: A Global Strategy for Revitalizing, Adapting, and Defending a Rules-Based International System", 2019, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Present-at-the-Recreation.pdf~~ Authoritarian tech lead is an S-Risk of irreversible, constant suffering. That outweighs extinctionMinardi 20 ~Di Minardi, "The grim fate that could be 'worse than extinction'", 10/15/20, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201014-totalitarian-world-in-chains-artificial-intelligence~~ Internal divergence is greater than ever before – it will unravel NATO and cause global warKagan 18, ~King Robert Kagan is a Stephen and Barbara Friedman Senior Fellow - Foreign Policy, Center for Security, Strategy, and Technology, Project on International Order and Strategy, Heg daddy, NATO's global peace is unraveling and we can't see it, July 15, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/07/15/natos-global-peace-is-unraveling-and-we-cant-see-it/~~ European authoritarianism breaks the EUCassidi Beck 20. Masters Thesis in Political Science at Stellenbosch University. "The Rise of Strongmen Leaders: A Threat to Global Security". EU breakup causes nuclear war.Fiedler 18 ~Lauren Fielder, Professor Fielder is Assistant Dean of Graduate and International Programs and Director of the Institute for Transnational Law at the University of Texas at Austin, '18, "Is Nationalism the Most Serious Challenge to Human Rights? Warnings from BREXIT and Lessons from History," 53 Tex. Int'l L.J. 212~ Ensuring the right to strike solves democracy and inequalityKiai 17 ~Mr. Maina Kiai, Special Rapporteur on freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, took up his functions as the first Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in May 2011. He is appointed in his personal capacity as an independent expert by the UN Human Rights Council. "UN rights expert: "Fundamental right to strike must be preserved"." https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21328andLangID=E~~ Thus, the standard is maximizing expected wellbeing1~ only it can explain degrees of wrongness- it is worse to kill thousands than to steal a quarter- either ethical theories cannot explain comparative badness, or it collapses2~ actor spec - gov'ts have to aggregate since all collective actions require trade-offs that benefit some and worsen others3~ extinction o/ws under any framework- moral uncertainty and future gensPummer 15 — (Theron Pummer, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford, "Moral Agreement on Saving the World", Practical Ethics University of Oxford, 5-18-2015, Available Online at http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2015/05/moral-agreement-on-saving-the-world/, accessed 7-2-2018, HKR-AM) we do not endorse ableist language= | 11/21/21 |
ND - EU Authoritarianism V3Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Scarsdale JK | Judge: Shena Han 1ACPlan: The member nations of the European Union ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike.Strike rights are backsliding in Eastern Europe – especially after COVIDLynch 21 ~Esther Lynch was elected as a deputy general secretary of the European Trade Union Confederation at its Vienna Congress in 2019, having previously been a confederal secretary. "Time to put an end to union-busting." https://socialeurope.eu/time-to-put-an-end-to-union-busting~~ The right to strike is key to global democracy – organized and empowered labor secures reforms in every areaPuddington 10 ~Arch Puddington is currently Senior Scholar Emeritus at Freedom House. He also previously served as the Senior Vice President for Research at Freedom House. "The Global State of Workers' Rights: Free Labor in a Hostile World." https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/WorkerRightsFULLBooklet-FINAL.pdf~~ Establishing an unconditional right to strike is key – it's the backbone of organized labor activities in every sectorPope 18 ~James Gray Pope is a distinguished professor of law at Rutgers Law School and serves on the executive council of the Rutgers Council of AAUP/AFT Chapters, AFL-CIO. He can be reached at jpope@law.rutgers.edu. "Labor's right to strike is essential." https://www.psc-cuny.org/clarion/september-2018/laborE28099s-right-strike-essential~~ It spills over – democratized labor creates a culture of participation that offsets authoritarian populismSpiegelaere 18 ~Stan De Spiegelaere is a researcher at the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI). "An Unlikely Cure For Populism: Workplace Democracy." https://socialeurope.eu/an-unlikely-cure-for-populism-workplace-democracy~~ Now is key – Trump stress-tested global democracy, shoring up cohesion now solves norms on emerging techRasmussen 12/15 ~Anders Fogh Rasmussen was NATO secretary general, 2009-14. He founded the Alliance of Democracies Foundation in 2017, "A New Way to Lead the Free World", 12/15/20, https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/a-new-way-to-lead-the-free-world-11608053780~~ That prevents extinction from automation, strategic stability, genetic engineeringJain 19 ~Ash Jain is a senior fellow with the Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, where he oversees the Atlantic Council's Democratic Order Initiative and D-10 Strategy Forum, Matthew Kroenig, "Present at the Re-Creation: A Global Strategy for Revitalizing, Adapting, and Defending a Rules-Based International System", 2019, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Present-at-the-Recreation.pdf~~ Authoritarian tech lead is an S-Risk of irreversible, constant suffering. That outweighs extinctionMinardi 20 ~Di Minardi, "The grim fate that could be 'worse than extinction'", 10/15/20, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201014-totalitarian-world-in-chains-artificial-intelligence~~ Ensuring the right to strike solves democracy and inequalityKiai 17 ~Mr. Maina Kiai, Special Rapporteur on freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, took up his functions as the first Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in May 2011. He is appointed in his personal capacity as an independent expert by the UN Human Rights Council. "UN rights expert: "Fundamental right to strike must be preserved"." https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21328andLangID=E~~ FWthe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing1 - Only the consequences of any action should be analyzed because ~a~ only they are measurable and verifiable ~b~ only consequences have an intrinsic impact on others such as harm or death.2 - The goodness of a consequence should be measured through hedonism because ~a~ everyone can feel the goodness of pleasure and badness of pain in some form ~b~ all other goods collapse to pleasure – eg freedom matters because it lets agents pursue their own ends but those ends matter to us because they terminate in some sort of desirable pleasure.3 - This should be maximized for everyone because ~a~ it logically follows that we should maximize something good ~b~ util treats everyone as equal in its decision calculus rather than privileging certain lives ~c~ privileging certain subsets allows cooption by dominant groups which increases inequity.4 - Extinction o/ws under any framework, even under moral uncertainty – infinite future generationsPummer 15 — (Theron Pummer, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford, "Moral Agreement on Saving the World", Practical Ethics University of Oxford, 5-18-2015, Available Online at http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2015/05/moral-agreement-on-saving-the-world/, accessed 7-2-2018, HKR-AM) we do not endorse ableist language= 5 – Actor specificity:~A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. ~B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. ~C~ No act- omission distinction— governments must vote on bills, so inaction is an explicit act taken, and governments are responsible for the public sphere so they must aggregate. Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings.6 – Decades of game theory research proves expected utility theory – means the veil of ignorance justifies utilMacAskill 18 – (Will MacAskill, Associate Professor in Philosophy at Oxford University, author of Doing Good Better, and one of the co-founders of the effective altruism community., interviewed by Robert Wilbin, "Our descendants will probably see us as moral monsters. What should we do about that?", 80000 Hours, 1-19-18, Available Online at https://80000hours.org/podcast/episodes/will-macaskill-moral-philosophy/~~#top, accessed 8-21-18, HKR-AM) He continues:Will MacAskill: The other best 2 I think are, one is Harsayni's Veil of Ignorance argument. The second is the argument that moves from rejecting the notion of personhood. We can go into the first one, Harsayni's Veil of Ignorance. John Harsayni was an economist but also a philosopher. He suggested the following thought experiment: Morality's about being impartial. It's about taking a perspective that's beyond just your own personal perspective, somehow from the point of view of everyone, or society, or point of view of the universe. | 11/21/21 |
SO - COVID layTournament: Mlipitas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Notre Dame San Jose AG | Judge: Mushtaq Bapoo 1ACI affirm the resolution: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.The World Trade Organization defines intellectual property as:~World Trade Organization, No Listed Publication Date. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel1_e.htm~~ FrameworkOught implies moral judgment, thus the value is morality. The criterion is consistency with utilitarianism, or maximizing human life and happiness.Utilitarianism is the best framework for policymaking because it forces governments to consider the interests of the population.Goodin 95 (Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-7) Advantage - Pandemic ResponseThe intellectual property system is fundamentally mismatched with emergency pandemic conditions – creating a broad precedent that weakens restrictions on generic vaccines in response to pandemics not only stops immense suffering from COVID surges in India and South America – it also lays the groundwork for future pandemics that are inevitable. Ensuring we are ready for next time is vital.Lindsey 21 ~Brink Lindsey has written on a wide range of topics including trade policy, globalization, American social and cultural history, and the nature of human capital. His current research focuses on economic growth and the policy barriers that impede it. "Why intellectual property and pandemics don't mix." https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/~~ There is a proposal now to expand access for COVID vaccines – but tons of WTO member states will vote against it because of pressure from the pharmaceutical industryLoftus and Hopkins 21 ~Peter Loftus writes about the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare from Dow Jones' Philadelphia bureau. His coverage areas include large drug makers such as Merck and Eli Lilly, and the latest developments in drug research. He occasionally writes about non-pharmaceutical news from the Philadelphia region. Jared S. Hopkins is a New York-based reporter for The Wall Street Journal covering the pharmaceutical industry, including companies such as Pfizer Inc. and Merck and Co. He previously was a health-care reporter at Bloomberg News and an investigative reporter at the Chicago Tribune."Covid-19 Vaccine Makers Press Countries to Oppose Patent Waiver." https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-vaccine-makers-press-countries-to-oppose-patent-waiver-11622021402~~ Reducing IP restrictions on medicine is essential for expanding access – especially in developing countries, where lack of capital and domestic industry makes the same people who are most vulnerable to diseases the least likely to have access to expensive brand-name drugsBaird 13 ~Sean, Boston College of Law. Magic and Hope: Relaxing Trips-Plus Provisions to Promote Access to Affordable Pharmaceuticals. Boston College Journal of Law and Social Justice, 33(1), 107-145, 2013, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/jlsj/vol33/iss1/4, accessed 7-31-21~ Only 0.9 of the developing world has the vaccine – capacity to produce it exists, but intellectual property restrictions are preventing production. Expanding access is key – it stops mutations and variants that take us back to square one on COVIDErfani et al 21 ~Parsa Erfani MD Candidate at Harvard Medical School. "Intellectual property waiver for covid-19 vaccines will advance global health equity." https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1837~~ Preventing pandemics should be our main priority – climate change and a host of other factors make them more common and more dangerous, so ensuring we are as ready as possible is keyCAN 17, California Nurses Association, January 2017, "SARS, EBOLA, AND ZIKA: What Registered Nurses Need to Know About Emerging Infectious Diseases," accessed via Google Cache Thus, because the member nations of the World Trade Organization reducing intellectual property protections for medicines is necessary for ensuring the greatest good for the greatest number of people, I affirm. | 10/17/21 |
SO - COVID v1Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Lovejoy JV | Judge: Gerard Grigsby Adv - Pandemic ResponsePlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for emergency use listing medicines during public health emergencies of international concern.The intellectual property system is fundamentally mismatched with emergency pandemic conditions – creating a broad precedent that weakens restrictions lays the groundwork for future pandemics that are inevitable. Ensuring we are ready for next time is vitalLindsey 21 ~Brink Lindsey has written on a wide range of topics including trade policy, globalization, American social and cultural history, and the nature of human capital. His current research focuses on economic growth and the policy barriers that impede it. "Why intellectual property and pandemics don't mix." https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/~~ COVID highlights just how vulnerable we are to both natural pandemics and man-made biological weapons – the deciding factor in effective response is ensuring people can be vaccinated as fast as possibleLyon 21 ~Regan F Lyon, 7-1-2021, "COVID-19 Response Has Uncovered and Increased Our Vulnerability to Biological Warfare," OUP Academic, https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/186/7-8/193/6135020~~ Reducing IP restrictions on medicine is essential for expanding access – especially in developing countries, where lack of capital and domestic industry makes the same people who are most vulnerable to diseases the least likely to have access to expensive brand-name drugsBaird 13 ~Sean, Boston College of Law. Magic and Hope: Relaxing Trips-Plus Provisions to Promote Access to Affordable Pharmaceuticals. Boston College Journal of Law and Social Justice, 33(1), 107-145, 2013, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/jlsj/vol33/iss1/4, accessed 7-31-21~ Expansion enables domestic manufacturing and innovation that decentralizes pharma supply chainsHRW 6/3 — (Human Rights Watch, "Seven Reasons the EU is Wrong to Oppose the TRIPS Waiver", 6-3-2021, Available Online at https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/03/seven-reasons-eu-wrong-oppose-trips-waiver, accessed 10-5-2021, HKR-AR) Building domestic productive capacity is key to future pandemic resilience after COVIDUNCTAD 20 ~The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 as an intergovernmental organization intended to promote the interests of developing states in world trade. UNCTAD is the part of the United Nations Secretariat dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. "COVID-19 heightens need for pharmaceutical production in poor countries." https://unctad.org/news/covid-19-heightens-need-pharmaceutical-production-poor-countries~~ Drug access solves AMR and 15 million deaths a yearAMI 21 ~Access to Medicine Index. The 2021 Index analyses how 20 of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies are addressing access to medicine in 106 low- and middle-income countries for 82 diseases, conditions and pathogens. Find out more about the scope of the Index research. "Why access matters." https://accesstomedicinefoundation.org/access-to-medicine-index/about-the-index/why-access-matters~~#~~ Resistance causes extinction—-microbiome collapse and superbugs.Garrett 16. (Laurie Garrett is a Pulitzer prize-winning science journalist and writer of two bestselling books. She was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism in 1996 for a series of works published in Newsday, chronicling the Ebola virus outbreak in Zaire. Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and the World's Peril. September 19, 2016. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-and-the-world-s-peril/) Pandemics are inevitable - climate change and a host of other factors make them more common and more dangerous, so ensuring we are as ready as possible is keyCAN 17, California Nurses Association, January 2017, "SARS, EBOLA, AND ZIKA: What Registered Nurses Need to Know About Emerging Infectious Diseases," accessed via Google Cache New diseases cause extinction – uniquely probable due to environmental changes.Mooney 21 — (Tom Mooney, Senior Communications and Advocacy Manager for the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, "Preparing for the next "Disease X"", CEPI, 2-1-21, Available Online at https://cepi.net/news_cepi/preparing-for-the-next-disease-x/, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) FWthe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing1 – Extinction o/ws under any framework, even under moral uncertainty – infinite future generationsPummer 15 — (Theron Pummer, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford, "Moral Agreement on Saving the World", Practical Ethics University of Oxford, 5-18-2015, Available Online at http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2015/05/moral-agreement-on-saving-the-world/, accessed 7-2-2018, HKR-AM) we do not endorse ableist language= 2 – Actor specificity:~A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. ~B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. ~C~ No act- omission distinction— governments must vote on bills, so inaction is an explicit act taken, and governments are responsible for the public sphere so they must aggregate. Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings.3 - only it can explain degrees of wrongness- it is worse to kill thousands than to lie to a friend- either ethical theories cannot explain comparative badness, or it collapses | 10/17/21 |
SO - COVID v2Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Marlborough TZ | Judge: Gordon Krauss 1ACAdv - Pandemic ResponsePlan: The member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for emergency use listing medicines during public health emergencies of international concern.The intellectual property system is fundamentally mismatched with emergency pandemic conditions – creating a broad precedent that weakens restrictions lays the groundwork for future pandemics that are inevitable. Ensuring we are ready for next time is vitalLindsey 21 ~Brink Lindsey has written on a wide range of topics including trade policy, globalization, American social and cultural history, and the nature of human capital. His current research focuses on economic growth and the policy barriers that impede it. "Why intellectual property and pandemics don't mix." https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/06/03/why-intellectual-property-and-pandemics-dont-mix/~~ There is a proposal now to expand access for COVID vaccines – but tons of WTO member states will vote against it because of pressure from the pharmaceutical industryLoftus and Hopkins 21 ~Peter Loftus writes about the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare from Dow Jones' Philadelphia bureau. His coverage areas include large drug makers such as Merck and Eli Lilly, and the latest developments in drug research. He occasionally writes about non-pharmaceutical news from the Philadelphia region. Jared S. Hopkins is a New York-based reporter for The Wall Street Journal covering the pharmaceutical industry, including companies such as Pfizer Inc. and Merck and Co. He previously was a health-care reporter at Bloomberg News and an investigative reporter at the Chicago Tribune."Covid-19 Vaccine Makers Press Countries to Oppose Patent Waiver." https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-vaccine-makers-press-countries-to-oppose-patent-waiver-11622021402~~ Reducing IP restrictions on medicine is essential for expanding access – especially in developing countries, where lack of capital and domestic industry makes the same people who are most vulnerable to diseases the least likely to have access to expensive brand-name drugsBaird 13 ~Sean, Boston College of Law. Magic and Hope: Relaxing Trips-Plus Provisions to Promote Access to Affordable Pharmaceuticals. Boston College Journal of Law and Social Justice, 33(1), 107-145, 2013, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/jlsj/vol33/iss1/4, accessed 7-31-21~ Expansion enables domestic manufacturing and innovation that decentralizes pharma supply chainsHRW 6/3 — (Human Rights Watch, "Seven Reasons the EU is Wrong to Oppose the TRIPS Waiver", 6-3-2021, Available Online at https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/03/seven-reasons-eu-wrong-oppose-trips-waiver, accessed 10-5-2021, HKR-AR) Building domestic productive capacity is key to future pandemic resilience after COVIDUNCTAD 20 ~The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 as an intergovernmental organization intended to promote the interests of developing states in world trade. UNCTAD is the part of the United Nations Secretariat dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. "COVID-19 heightens need for pharmaceutical production in poor countries." https://unctad.org/news/covid-19-heightens-need-pharmaceutical-production-poor-countries~~ Drug access solves AMR and 15 million deaths a yearAMI 21 ~Access to Medicine Index. The 2021 Index analyses how 20 of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies are addressing access to medicine in 106 low- and middle-income countries for 82 diseases, conditions and pathogens. Find out more about the scope of the Index research. "Why access matters." https://accesstomedicinefoundation.org/access-to-medicine-index/about-the-index/why-access-matters~~#~~ Resistance causes extinction—-microbiome collapse and superbugs.Garrett 16. (Laurie Garrett is a Pulitzer prize-winning science journalist and writer of two bestselling books. She was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism in 1996 for a series of works published in Newsday, chronicling the Ebola virus outbreak in Zaire. Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and the World's Peril. September 19, 2016. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-and-the-world-s-peril/) Pandemics are inevitable - climate change and a host of other factors make them more common and more dangerous, so ensuring we are as ready as possible is keyCAN 17, California Nurses Association, January 2017, "SARS, EBOLA, AND ZIKA: What Registered Nurses Need to Know About Emerging Infectious Diseases," accessed via Google Cache New diseases cause extinction – uniquely probable due to environmental changes.Mooney 21 — (Tom Mooney, Senior Communications and Advocacy Manager for the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, "Preparing for the next "Disease X"", CEPI, 2-1-21, Available Online at https://cepi.net/news_cepi/preparing-for-the-next-disease-x/, accessed 9-10-21, HKR-AM) FWthe standard is maximizing expected wellbeing1 – Extinction o/ws under any framework, even under moral uncertainty – infinite future generationsPummer 15 — (Theron Pummer, Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at St. Anne's College, University of Oxford, "Moral Agreement on Saving the World", Practical Ethics University of Oxford, 5-18-2015, Available Online at http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2015/05/moral-agreement-on-saving-the-world/, accessed 7-2-2018, HKR-AM) we do not endorse ableist language= 2 – Actor specificity:~A~ Governments must aggregate since every policy benefits some and harms others, which also means side constraints freeze action. ~B~ States lack wills or intentions since policies are collective actions. ~C~ No act- omission distinction— governments must vote on bills, so inaction is an explicit act taken, and governments are responsible for the public sphere so they must aggregate. Actor-specificity comes first since different agents have different ethical standings.3 - only it can explain degrees of wrongness- it is worse to kill thousands than to lie to a friend- either ethical theories cannot explain comparative badness, or it collapses | 10/17/21 |
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