Tournament: Lexington | Round: 2 | Opponent: Lakeland High AVe | Judge: Braedon Kirkpatrick
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing. Prefer
1~ Phenomenal introspection —- it’s the most epistemically reliable —- historical moral disagreement over internal conceptions of morality such as questions of race, gender, class, religion, etc prove the fallibility of non-observational based ethics —- introspection means we value happiness because we can determine that we each value it —- just as I can observe a lemon’s yellowness, we can make those judgements about happiness.
2~ Aggregation – every policy benefits some and harms others which governing bodies have a jurisdiction to consider, which also means side constraints freeze action – o/w – if they’re right that each person has equal moral value, in order to guarantee most value we should save the most people.
3~ Weighability – only consequentialism explains degrees of wrongness—if I break a promise to meet up for lunch, that is not as bad as breaking a promise to take a dying person to the hospital. Only the consequences of breaking the promise explain why the second one is much worse than the first. Intuitions outweigh—they’re the foundational basis for any argument and theories that contradict our intuitions are most likely false even if we can’t deductively determine why.
Reducing the risk of extinction is always priority number one.
Bostrom 12 ~Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford.~, Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. Forthcoming book (Global Policy). MP. http://www.existenti...org/concept.pdf
Even if we use the most conservative of these estimates, which entirely ignores the possibility of space colonization and software minds, we find that the expected loss of an existential catastrophe is greater than the value of 10^16 human lives. This implies that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point is at least a hundred times the value of a million human lives. The more technologically comprehensive estimate of 10 54 humanbrain-emulation subjective life-years (or 10 52 lives of ordinary length) makes the same point even more starkly. Even if we give this allegedly lower bound on the cumulative output potential of a technologically mature civilization a mere 1 chance of being correct, we find that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one billionth of one billionth of one percentage point is worth a hundred billion times as much as a billion human lives. One might consequently argue that even the tiniest reduction of existential risk has an expected value greater than that of the definite provision of any ordinary good, such as the direct benefit of saving 1 billion lives. And, further, that the absolute value of the indirect effect of saving 1 billion lives on the total cumulative amount of existential riskâ€"positive or negativeâ€"is almost certainly larger than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.
Phillips 20 ~(Leigh, science writer and EU affairs journalist, author of Austerity Ecology and the Collapse-Porn Addicts.) "We Don’t Need Elon Musk to Explore the Solar System," May 8, 2021, https://jacobinmag.com/2021/05/elon-musk-space-exploration-mars-colonization~~ TDI
He opens the paper with a recognition that, at some point, if we
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profitability at all, but rather of our species’ survival through the eons.
Privatization of space travel makes it politically polarizing and drains public support.
Phillips 20 ~(Leigh, science writer and EU affairs journalist, author of Austerity Ecology and the Collapse-Porn Addicts.) "We Don’t Need Elon Musk to Explore the Solar System," May 8, 2021, https://jacobinmag.com/2021/05/elon-musk-space-exploration-mars-colonization~~ TDI
Elon Musk is right to dream of humanity’s future as a multi-planet species
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to deliver more to STEM subjects, mothballing language courses and classics programs!
Fitzgerald 3/9 ~(Shanon, Assistant Websites Editor at Liberty Fund), "Why Human Space Exploration Matters," March 9 2021, https://www.econlib.org/why-human-space-exploration-matters/~~ TDI
While the yields to space exploration and the development of spaceflight technology may appear minimal
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is becoming, if it is not already, one of pure choice.
Privatization of space is unsustainable and increases debris – triggers the Kessler Syndrome
Thompson 21 ~Clive, 11/17/21, Clive Thompson is a contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine, a columnist for Wired and Smithsonian magazines, and a regular contributor to Mother Jones. He’s the author of Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World, and Smarter Than You Think: How Technology is Changing our Minds for the Better. He’s @pomeranian99 on Twitter and Instagram, "Get Ready for the "Kessler Syndrome" to Wreck Outer Space," OneZero, https://onezero.medium.com/get-ready-for-the-kessler-syndrome-to-wreck-outer-space-7f29cfe62c3e~~ Justin
Kessler syndrome: objects outside Earth’s immediate orbit causing more damage the longer it’s allowed
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orbit but unintentional ones — bits of rocket parts and detritus from launches.
Bernat 20 ~Pawel, 2020, Military University of Aviation, "ORBITAL SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS AND THE GROWING THREAT OF KESSLER SYNDROME IN THE LOWER EARTH ORBIT," SAFETY ENGINEERING OF ANTHROPOGENIC OBJECTS, Volume 4, PDF~ Justin
5. Orbital satellite constellations and the growing threat of the Kessler syndrome Space 2
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the global level, apart from first-come, first-served.
Peter Dockrill 16. Award-winning science and technology journalist. "Space Junk Accidents Could Trigger Armed Conflict, Study Finds." https://www.sciencealert.com/space-junk-accidents-could-trigger-armed-conflict-expert-warns.
The increasingly crowded space in Earth's low orbit could set the stage for an international
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adversaries. "This is a politically dangerous dilemma," the authors write.
Les Johnson 14. Baen science fiction author, popular science writer, and NASA technologist. "Living without satellites". https://www.baen.com/living'without'satellites.
Satellite imagery is used by the military and our political leaders to maintain the peace
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would be significantly reduced (loss of military logistics and intelligence gathering satellites).
The United States federal government should end commercial space exploration and tourism, ruling that they violate its non-appropriation obligations under the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and its succeeding treaties.
Cooper 8 ~Cooper, Nikhil D. "Circumventing Non-Appropriation: Law and Development of United States Space Commerce." Hastings Const. LQ 36 (2008): 457.~ TDI
The latest piece of congressional legislation regulating the commercial space industry was the Commercial Space
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designating $500 million toward the development of this commercial space capability." 2
The aff solves orbital debris and decreases collision risks.
Budhiraia 20 ~(Mili, LL.B. candidate 2022 at Faculty of Law, University of Delhi.) "The Menace of Space Debris," August 30, 2020, https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/08/mili-budhiraja-space-debris-india/~~ TDI
For most of the time India has participated in the space industry, it has
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The same temperament showcased for this issue could bring Kessler Syndrome to life.