1ac - ag workers 1nc - advantage cp t-strikes setcol case turns
NDCA
1
Opponent: Westwood AP | Judge: Eric He
email for the doc from this round before the round it will not let me upload it for some reason 1ac - ISS 1nc - T-appropriation security k 1ar - all 2nr - heg impact turn
Global authoritarian resurgence is on the brink now —- Russia's key
Diamond 18 – PhD in Sociology, professor of Sociology and Political Science at Stanford University (Larry, "The Liberal Democratic Order in Crisis," The American Interest, https://www.the-american-interest.com/2018/02/16/liberal-democratic-order-crisis/) As democracies appear ever more dysfunctional, divided, and irresolute, as authoritarian regimes AND the long decade of democratic recession will give way to an authoritarian rout.
Space cooperation with Russia leads to global authoritarianism
Juul 3-20-2019 – senior policy analyst at the Center for American Progress, MA @ Georgetown (Peter, "Trump's Space Force Gets the Final Frontier All Wrong: A new space race may be on, but the United States should opt for peaceful exploration rather than military presence.," Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/20/trumps-space-force-gets-the-final-frontier-all-wrong/) This new multinational flotilla of robotic explorers sailing through the solar system shouldn't be surprising AND United States to give Russia or China this sort of standing by association.
Expanded authoritarianism leads to great power war
Diamond 19 – PhD in Sociology, professor of Sociology and Political Science at Stanford University (Larry, "Ill Winds: Saving Democracy from Russian Rage, Chinese Ambition and American Complacency," Kindle Edition) In such a near future, my fellow experts would no longer talk of " AND just how close we are getting to that point—until it happens.
3/4/22
JANFEB -- Megaconstellations da
Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Apple Valley NB | Judge: Kate Totz
SpaceX megaconstellations are private appropriation of orbits.
Christopher D. Johnson 20 summarizes ~C. D. Johnson Secure World Foundation, Washington, DC, USA "The legal status of megaleo constellations and concerns about appropriation of large swaths of earth orbit." Handbook of small satellites: Technology, design, manufacture, applications, economics and regulation (2020): 1-22.~ Note: the author presents arguments for and against megaconstellations violating the non-appropriation principle without endorsing either conclusion Yes, This Is Impermissible Appropriation Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, discussed AND contention that this occupation rises to the level of appropriation of these orbits.
Internet access checks multiple existential threats
Eagleman '10 ~Dr. David; 11/9/2010; PhD in Neuroscience @ Baylor University, Adjunct Professor of Neoroscience @ Stanford University, Former Guggenheim Fellow, Director of the Center for Science and Law, BA @ Rice University; "Six Ways The Internet Will Save Civilization"; https://www.wired.co.uk/article/apocalypse-no~~ Many great civilisations have fallen, leaving nothing but cracked ruins and scattered genetics. AND to suggest that the net may just be the technology that saves us.
3/4/22
JANFEB -- Mining da
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Chattahoochee EK | Judge: Jack Dauo
1nc - asteroid Mining
The interest and feasibility to fund large-scale asteroid mining is coming—but appropriation is necessary
Shaw 13 - Lauren E, J.D. from Chapman University School of Law, "Asteroids, the New Western Frontier: Applying Principles of the General Mining Law of 1872 to Incentive Asteroid Mining", JOURNAL OF AIR LAW AND COMMERCE, Volume 78, Issue 1, Article 2, https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1307andcontext=jalc The technology necessary for any of these or similar ventures to succeed is developing rapidly AND be granted. 6 Otherwise, the large investment will not be worthwhile.
Asteroid mining key to address sustainability and environmental problems of terrestrial mining.
Kevin MacWhorter, JD, in the William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, 2016: ~MacWhorter, Kevin. (J.D. Candidate, William and Mary Law School, 2016) "Sustainable mining: Incentivizing asteroid mining in the name of environmentalism." Wm. and Mary Envtl. L. and Pol'y Rev. 40 (2016): 645.~ In the next sixty years, scientists predict that certain elements crucial to modern industry AND it unclear as to just how much waste the industry actually produces.23
Asteroid mining good – climate, air, and water pollution
Tina Hlimi, M.E.S., in the Annals of Air and Space Law, 2014: ~M.E.S., B.C.L., L.L.B; Articling Student with Legal Aid Ontario in Toronto, Ontario; International Secretariat Member and Health and Hazards Coordinator for the Centre for International Sustainable Development Law (CISDL) in Montreal, Quebec "THE NEXT FRONTIER: AN OVERVIEW OF THE LEGAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF NEAR-EARTH ASTEROID MINING", Annals of Air and Space Law Vol. 39, 2014, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2546924 *edited for gendered language~ In addition to demystifying the legal doctrine governing outer space natural resource appropriation it is AND improve their standard of living through increased technologies, consumption and population growth.
Shortages of REM prevents renewables, asteroid mining is try or die for warming
Nafeez Ahmed, journalist, in Vice, 2018: ~Special Investigations and Global Trends @BylineTimes \ Technology and Systems Change @Rethink_X \ Research Fellow @SchumacherInst http://nafeezahmed.net "We Don't Mine Enough Rare Earth Metals to Replace Fossil Fuels With Renewable Energy" Vice, December 12, 2018 https://www.vice.com/en/article/a3mavb/we-dont-mine-enough-rare-earth-metals-to-replace-fossil-fuels-with-renewable-energy~~ A new scientific study supported by the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure warns that the renewable AND and even copper wiring could face supply shortages in coming decades.
Warming leads to extinction – it's a conflict-multiplier and defense doesn't assume non-linearity
Kareiva 18, Ph.D. in ecology and applied mathematics from Cornell University, director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, Pritzker Distinguished Professor in Environment and Sustainability at UCLA, et al. (Peter, "Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back," Futures, 102) In summary, six of the nine proposed planetary boundaries (phosphorous, nitrogen, AND complete scientific understanding when it comes to positive feedback loops and climate change.
4/8/22
JANFEB -- Security k
Tournament: NDCA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Westwood AP | Judge: Eric He
Threats are constructed – their security discourse creates a self fulfilling prophecy that makes true understanding of structural causes behind "threats" impossible.
Mack 91: Dr. Mack, professor at Harvard Medical School, 1991, (John E., "The Psychodynamics of International Relationships" Vol 1 p. 58-59) Attempts to explore the psychological roots of enmity are frequently met with an argument that AND motives and we never labor to asses his will with anything approaching objectivity."
Their security discourse causes genocide and interventionism in the name of cleansing the world of violent "others"
Friis 2k - Friis, UN Sector at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2k, (Karsten, Peace and Conflict Studies 7.2, "From Liminars to Others: Securitization Through Myths," http://shss.nova.edu/pcs/journalsPDF/V7N2.pdf~~#page=2). NS The problem with societal securitization is one of representation. It is rarely clear in AND on behalf of the natural and eternal, where truth is never questioned.
The alternative is to reject securitization – this opens up space for emancipatory political engagement.
Neocleous: ~Mark, Professor of the Critique of Political Economy; Head of Department of Politics and History Brunel Univ, Critique of Security, 185-6~ The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is AND
it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."'
Representations must precede policy discussion – they determine what is politically thinkable.
Crawford 02 — Neta, PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Prof. of poli sci at boston univ. Argument and Change in World Politics, p. 19-21 Coherent arguments are unlikely to take place unless and until actors, at least on AND entrepreneurs without serious political wrangling." Hence framing is a meta-argument.
4/10/22
JANFEB -- T-appropriation
Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Apple Valley NB | Judge: Kate Totz
Interpretation—-"Appropriation of outer space" by private entities refers to the exercise of exclusive control of space.
TIMOTHY JUSTIN TRAPP, JD Candidate @ UIUC Law, '13, TAKING UP SPACE BY ANY OTHER MEANS: COMING TO TERMS WITH THE NONAPPROPRIATION ARTICLE OF THE OUTER SPACE TREATY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW REVIEW ~Vol. 2013 No. 4~ The issues presented in relation to the nonappropriation article of the Outer Space Treaty should AND the Bogotá Declaration were trying to accomplish, albeit through different means.219
Private appropriation for temporary usage or perusal is distinct from appropriation "of" outer space. Sovereign claims are still universally prohibited.
Abigail D. Pershing, J.D. Candidate @ Yale, B.A. UChicago,'19, "Interpreting the Outer Space Treaty's Non-Appropriation Principle: Customary International Law from 1967 to Today," Yale Journal of International Law 44, no. 1 II. THE FIRST SHIFT IN CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW'S INTERPRETATION OF THE NON-APPROPRIATION AND -out allowing appropriation of space resources once such resources have been extracted.
Violation—-they defend banning the appropriation of outer space for mining activities only, which is not exclusive control.
Standards—-
1~ Limits—their interp means that affs about any outer space activity are topical: tourism, photography, sending rovers, collecting ice cores, launching satellites, deflecting debris, can't sell rocks on EBAY, etc. This explodes neg prep burdens since affs are pushed to the fringes of the topic where no neg lit exists
2~ Ground—they shift the controversy from sovereign domination to minute activity. The topic literature is grounded in a debate over sovereign control over space, which means core neg generics are not temporary resource extraction or expeditions. Their interp minimizes link uniqueness because our impacts will never be overcome the advantage.
Fairness and education are voters – debate's a game that needs rules to evaluate it and education gives us portable skills like research, its why schools fund debate
Drop the debater for skewing neg prep—DTA is incoherent, if we win T that means we no longer have the burden of rejoinder.
Use competing interps – reasonability invites arbitrary britelines and judge intervention. CI is a prerequisite to reasonability because you have to use offense to determine if their interp is reasonable.
3/4/22
JANFEB -- US heg da
Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Apple Valley NB | Judge: Kate Totz
Maintaining US space dominance requires a homegrown commercial space industry – private companies offshoring gives China the advantage they need
Cahan and Sadat 1/6 ~(Bruce Cahan, J.D) (Dr. Mir Sadat, ) "US Space Policies for the New Space Age: Competing on the Final Economic Frontier," based on Proceedings from State of the Space Industrial Base 2020 Sponsored by United States Space Force, Defense Innovation Unit, United States Air Force Research Laboratory, 1/6/21, https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000177-9349-d713-a777-d7cfce4b0000~~ TDI Today, China's commercial space sector is in its infancy but is set to grow AND commercial, scientific, civil, or enhancing US competitiveness for cislunar leadership.
US space dominance prevents global war
Zubrin 15 ~(Robert Zubrin, president of Pioneer Energy, a senior fellow with the Center for Security Policy) "US Space Supremacy is Now Critical," Space News, 1/22/15, https://spacenews.com/op-ed-u-s-space-supremacy-now-critical/~~ TDI The United States needs a new national security policy. For the first time in AND desire peace on Earth, we need to prepare for war in space.
Space domination is zero sum and winner-take-all—-solves heg, climate change, space colonization, nuclear war, and global warming.
Private sector key – free market innovation is a key advantage the US has over China Steve Kwast 19, Master's degree in public policy, Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government, lieutenant general in the U.S. Air Force with extensive combat and command experience at every level, from squadron to major command, 19 August 2019, "THE REAL STAKES IN THE NEW SPACE RACE," https://warontherocks.com/2019/08/the-real-stakes-in-the-new-space-race/ Why is space so critical to the future? Space is powerful precisely because it AND modifying the Earth's weather using satellites to slow the effects of climate change.
3/4/22
JANFEB -- Unilateralism CP
Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: Apple Valley NB | Judge: Kate Totz
Text: the United States federal government should unilaterally pursue Active Space debris removal and work with the Russian Federation and Peoples Republic of China in the establishment of an international "debris credits" trading system that distributes tradeable quotas for debris production and rewards members of the international agreement with additional credits if they implement mitigation protocols.
US unilateral action solves space debris and international cooperation fails
Megan Ansdell, 10, 2010, master's in international science and Technology Policy from George Washington, where she focuses on space policy, "Active Space Debris Removal: Needs, Implications, and Recommendations for Today's Geopolitical Environment", ~https://jpia.princeton.edu/sites/jpia/files/space-debris-removal.pdf~~, AVD Need to Initiate Unilateral Action International cooperation in space has rarely resulted in cost- AND primary agency responsible for national security space operations, is a possible option.
Debris credits solve the case without having to share SSA data.
Prasad and Lochan 7 ~(M.Y.S. Prasad, Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Ahmedabad, India, and Rajeev Lochan Indian Space Research Organisation, Bangalore, India,) "COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITY - A PRINCIPLE TO MAINTAIN SPACE ENVIRONMENT WITH RESPECT TO SPACE DEBRIS" ISBN: 9781563479625, Proceedings of the Fiftieth colloquium on the Law of outer space : 24-28 September 2007, Hyderabad, India~ TDI Space debris will be a concern for future for all the countries. Especially the AND but Differentiated Responsibility' is very well suited for the present Space debris scenario.
Diakovska and Aliieva 20 ~Halyna Diakovska and Olga Aliieva, Ph.D.s in Philosophy, Associate Professors, Donbass State Pedagogical University, "Consequentialism and Commercial Space Exploration," 2020, Philosophy and Cosmology, Vol. 24, pp. 5-24, https://doi.org/10.29202/phil-cosm/24/1, EA~ The experience of the USA showed that leadership in space exploration, which is maintained AND is integrated into the international legal field and is governed by its laws.
Property claims are key to catalyze investment in space development – OST killed public space exploration so try or die for private sector
Hickman 7 ~John Hickman is an associate professor in the Department of Government and International Studies at Berry College in Mt. Berry, Georgia, "Still crazy after four decades: The case for withdrawing from the 1967 Outer Space Treaty," The Space Review, Sept 24, 2007, https://www.thespacereview.com/article/960/1~~ This year is the 40th anniversary of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of AND 1.2 million square kilometers of the Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic.
====Space tourism key to tech developments that facilitate settlements==== Collins 10 ~Patrick Collins, *Professor of Life and Environmental Science at Azabu University and Systems Engineer at Andromeda Inc., Italy, and Adriano Autino, Expert in the economics of energy supply from space, "What the growth of a space tourism industry could contribute to employment, economic growth, environmental protection, education, culture and world peace," Acta Astronautica 66 (2010) 1553–1562~ 7.2. High return in safety from extra-terrestrial settlement Investment in AND appear to be achievable only through the development of a vigorous space tourism industry
Companies are key to innovation that will get us off the rock
Thiessen '20 – writes a twice-weekly column for The Post on foreign and domestic policy. He is a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, and the former chief speechwriter for President George W. Bush. (Marc A., "SpaceX's success is one small step for man, one giant leap for capitalism," Washington Post, 6-1-2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/06/01/spacexs-success-is-one-small-step-man-one-giant-leap-capitalism/, Accessed 6-27-2021, LASA-SC) It was one small step for man, one giant leap for capitalism. Only AND our solar system, Americans decided to embrace socialism back here on Earth?