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-I affirm the resolution, "Resolved: In a democracy, a free press ought to prioritize objectivity over advocacy." |
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-Framework |
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-OBS: The Affirmative has no need to specify a plan on how to prioritize objectivity over advocacy or how it would be implemented, since the resolution is only asking whether we OUGHT to do it. |
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-The affirmative will provide the following definitions: |
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-A democracy is a government characterized by citizen rule and free social cooperation. In order for a democracy to function, citizens must have reliable access to information to govern themselves. |
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-Sonnemaker writes ~Tyler Sonnemaker, 2015; Claremont McKenna College; "Objectivity and the Role of Journalism in Democratic Societies," https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/70981185.pdf~~ brett |
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-The health of any democratic society depends greatly on the quality of information available to |
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-AND |
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-helps them make political decisions that will improve our democratic society for everyone? |
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-"Objectivity" in the press is a sliding scale of commitment to truthfulness, neutrality, and separating fact from opinion. |
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-Salvesen 19 ~Ingerid; Masters degree from the Centre for Development and the Environment at the University of Oslo and a bachelor degree in Journalism from Oslo and Akershus University College and Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile in Santiago, Chile. Reuters Institute Fellowship Paper @ University of Oxford; "Should journalists campaign on climate change?" https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-01/Paper2C20Salvesen20-20RISJ20FINAL_0.pdf~~ brett |
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-To understand it better, it is useful to split objectivity ~is~ into |
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-AND |
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-Thus, as the resolution is normative, the value should be morality. |
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-The criterion to achieve morality is upholding democratic values. |
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-Prefer this criterion for 3 reasons: |
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-1 — The resolution — debating about what is important to a democracy begs the question of what is in a democracy's interests. For example, if you said "a knife ought to cut butter", then a good knife would cut butter well. Similarly, a good democracy would be effective at promoting democratic values. |
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-2 — Debate itself — the fact we as debaters do research on topics to cite unbiased articles and switch sides every round proves that this very activity is dependent on strong democratic values. Upholding democracy should be paramount to institutions like debate and the press alike, even if they do it in different ways. |
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-3 — Democracy produces the best outcomes and individual liberty for those living within. The level of civilian control over the government matters for every single moral right. |
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-Jones writes ~Sean M. Lynn-Jones | March 1998; Associate, International Security Program Editorial Board Member, Quarterly Journal: International Security Former Editor, International Security; Former Series Editor, Belfer Center Studies in International Security; "Why the United States Should Spread Democracy," https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/why-united-states-should-spread-democracy~~ brett |
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-The first way in which the spread of democracy enhances the lives of those who |
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-AND |
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-spreading democracy will do more than to enlarge the democratic zone of peace. |
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-Contention 1: COVID |
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-Objectivity is specifically key during pandemics – advocacy alone spreads disinformation and independently kills democracy. |
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-Pimentel says in 2021 O. Ricardo Pimentel, Wisconsin Examiner October 19, 2021, journalist for about 40 years. He was most recently the editorial page editor for the San Antonio Express-News in Texas; the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel before that. He has also worked in various editing and reporting positions in newspapers in California, Arizona, Texas and Washington D.C., where he covered Congress, federal agencies and the Supreme Court for McClatchy Newspapers, 10-19-2021, "We are losing the values good journalism taught," Wisconsin Examiner, https://wisconsinexaminer.com/2021/10/19/we-are-losing-the-values-good-journalism-taught/ ella |
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-Everyone should be a journalist. The problem is, few people understand what journalism |
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-themselves journalists, but don't even know how to be knowledgeable news consumers. |
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-Empirics prove |
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-Garcia et al from 2021 Xosé López-García,1 Carmen Costa-Sánchez,2,* and Ángel Vizoso1 Paul B. Tchounwou, 6-29-2021, "Journalistic Fact-Checking of Information in Pandemic: Stakeholders, Hoaxes, and Strategies to Fight Disinformation during the COVID-19 Crisis in Spain," PubMed Central (PMC), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7908612/ ella |
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-The public health crisis created by COVID-19 represents a challenge for journalists and |
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-AND |
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-is highly contagious and has an increased risk for public health ~28~. |
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-COVID kills the economy and people |
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-Congressional Research Service explains in 2021 Congressional Research Service ,11-10-2021, "Global Economic Effects of COVID-19", Congressional Research Service, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R46270.pdf ella |
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-Global Economic Effects of COVID-19 The COVID-19 viral pandemic is an |
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-AND |
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-date and the response by governments and international institutions to address these effects. |
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-Contention 2: Democracy |
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-Misinformation in the press is undemocratic in many ways, such as misleading the public about the Iraq war and allowing Russia to affect media outlets before the 2016 election. |
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-Watts writes in 2021 ~Duncan J.; 2021; Department of Computer and Information Science, Annenberg School of Communication, Operations, Information, and Decisions Department, "Measuring the news and its impact on democracy" https://www.pnas.org/content/118/15/e1912443118~~ brett |
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-First, while it is possible that exposure to fake news has more impact than |
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-AND |
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-(35, 36), science (37), and business (38). |
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-Journalistic objectivity critical for sustaining democracy |
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-Sonnemaker states in 2015 Tyler Sonnemaker, 2015, Claremont McKenna College, "Objectivity and the Role of Journalism in Democratic Societies", https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/70981185.pdf ella |
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-The health of any democratic society depends greatly on the quality of information available to |
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-AND |
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-branches that are in fact sturdier and more useful for the tree's growth. |
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-The recent Russia conflict proves-disinformation ramps up conflicts |
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-Abbruzzese 22 ~Jason Abbruzzese Feb. 24, 2022, Russian disinformation, propaganda ramp up as conflict in Ukraine grows, https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/russian-disinformation-propaganda-ramp-conflict-ukraine-grows-rcna17521~~ |
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-Russia's effort to spread disinformation and propaganda across the internet and through foreign and domestic |
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-AND |
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-action but appeared to be footage from a conflict in Syria in 2020. |
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-TERMINAL IMPACT: US-Russia war would be devastating and lead to extinction. |
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-Owen Cotton-Barratt et al, 17 - PhD in Pure Mathematics, Oxford, Lecturer in Mathematics at Oxford, Research Associate at the Future of Humanity Institute; "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance," https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Existential-Risks-2017-01-23.pdf |
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-The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki demonstrated the unprecedented destructive power of nuclear weapons. |
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-AND |
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-and it seems unreasonable to rule out the possibility of them rising further in |
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-Contention 3: Polarization |
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-Advocacy empirically leads to extreme polarization and inequality gaps |
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-Gurri 21 Martin Gurri, former CIA analyst and the author of The Revolt of the Public and the Crisis of Authority in the New Millennium, Winter 2021, "Slouching Toward Post-Journalism," City Journal, https://www.city-journal.org/journalism-advocacy-over-reporting ella |
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-Traditional newspapers never sold news; they sold an audience to advertisers. To a |
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-AND |
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-be a challenge to surmount but rather "an extinction-level event." |
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-Polarization ruins democracies |
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-Crane 22 David M. Crane, Founding Chief Prosecutor of the Special Court for Sierra Leone. He is the Founder of the Global Accountability Network and is also a Distinguished Scholar in Residence at Syracuse University College of Law. He is the author of Every Living Thing: Facing Down Terrorists, Warlords, and Thugs in West Africa—A Story of Justice. He was assisted by Kanalya Arivalagan, 1-6-2022, "The End of Democratic Peace in the Age of the Strongman," No Publication, https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2022/01/crane-david-democratic-peace-age-of-strongman/ ella |
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-Democracy gives way to authoritarianism in different forms. In one of the forms, |
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-AND |
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-, this is a phenomenon that all liberal democracies face around the world. |
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-Polarization internally ruins democracies |
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-Mccoy 18 Jennifer Lynn Mccoy, Distinguished University Professor of Political Science, Georgia State University, 10-31-2018, "Extreme political polarization weakens democracy – can the US avoid that fate?," Conversation, https://theconversation.com/extreme-political-polarization-weakens-democracy-can-the-us-avoid-that-fate-105540 ella |
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-A collaborative research project I led on polarized democracies around the world examines the processes |
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-AND |
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-land. They approved Justice Brett Kavanaugh with only a single Democratic vote. |