Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Iowa City West HM | Judge: Jack Quisenberry
The standard is maximizing pleasure.
Robert Cavalier 96 (Robert Cavalier, Director of CMU’s Center for Advancement of Applied Ethics and Political Philosophy, President of the International Association for Computing and Philosophy, Chair of the APA Committee on Philosophy and Computers) Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy 1996No Publication http://caae.phil.cmu.edu/cavalier/80130/part2/sect9.html~~#Top20of20Page DebateDrills TJ
Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely
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) for the most amount of people (this is its "extent").
As a whole, a functioning government should use Utilitarianism to measure the morality of an action. Because a government has many different individuals and ideologies, the only unchanging part of the action would be the result. Thus, optimizing the action around the result to maximize pleasure and minimize harm would be the only avenue of finding morality behind actions in government. In this way, all governments should use utilitarianism as a moral compass to benefit the most people.
Reilly, 11, Penn State Law, "Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act", Penn State: Masters of Science, JD Law, URL: https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/'file/aglaw/Publications'Library/Agricultural'Laborers.pdf, 2011 + since most recent citation is from then, KR
The NLRA gives workers "freedom of association, self-organization, and designation
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rely on others with experience and knowledge of the NLRA and its intricacies.
The aff is key to increase incentives to farm: it increases wages, sets safe living conditions, AND helps farmers expand products
Reilly, 11, Penn State Law, "Agricultural Laborers: Their Inability to Unionize Under the National Labor Relations Act", Penn State: Masters of Science, JD Law, URL: https://pennstatelaw.psu.edu/'file/aglaw/Publications'Library/Agricultural'Laborers.pdf, 2011 + since most recent citation is from then, KR
The rate of pay agricultural laborers earn in return for their work would increase if
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protections they need against agricultural employers as they become more powerful through associations.
Wang et. al, 19, "How Farmers Make Investment Decisions: Evidence from a Farmer Survey in China", Sustainability, Shuangjin Wang 1, Yuan Tian 2,*ORCID, Xiaowei Liu 3 and Maggie Foley 4, 1: School of Management, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China, 2: School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China, 3: College of Business, St. Ambrose University, Davenport, IA 52803, USA, 4: Davis Business School, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL 32211, USA, URL: https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=andved=2ahUKEwii17vKue7zAhVdJjQIHUr3D7YQFnoECAUQAQandurl=https3A2F2Fwww.mdpi.com2F2071-10502F122F12F2472Fpdfandusg=AOvVaw1RMvM-hGadn'uoetBxebDi, KR
A variety of research methods were used in previous research to study farmers’ investment adjustment
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from capital input ~33~, and differences in adjustment capabilities ~34~.
Tian et al 21— Tian, Zhixi ~principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue~, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills)
The first straightforward strategy for designing future crops that meet sustainable agriculture requirements is to
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to develop high nutrient and water-use efficiency crops without yield penalty.
Right now, the US is resorting to farmland expansion to meet food demand—we are on the brink of prohibitive ecological costs from deforestation
Tian et al 21— Tian, Zhixi ~principal investigator, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and former research geneticist at Purdue~, et al. "Designing future crops: challenges and strategies for sustainable agriculture." The Plant Journal 105.5 (2021): 1165-1178. (AG DebateDrills)
From the perspective of human evolution, each period of rapid population growth, such
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12 of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Friedlingstein et al., 2010).
Torres 16 ~Phil Biologist, conservationist, science advocate and educator. 2 years based in Amazon rainforest, now exploring science around the world. "Biodiversity Loss: An Existential Risk Comparable to Climate Change" http://futureoflife.org/2016/05/20/biodiversity-loss/.~~
According to the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, the two greatest existential threats to human
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as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival.
Xu and Ramanathan 17, Yangyang Xu, Assistant Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at Texas AandM University; and Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9/26/17, "Well below 2 °C: Mitigation strategies for avoiding dangerous to catastrophic climate changes," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 114, No. 39, p. 10315-10323recut CHS PK
We are proposing the following extension to the DAI risk categorization: warming greater than
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. Fig. 2 displays these three risk categorizations (vertical dashed lines).
Wozniacka, 19, 5/7/2019, "Less than 1 Percent of US Farmworkers Belong to a Union. Here’s Why.", CivilEats, Gosia Wozniacka is a senior reporter at Civil Eats. A multilingual journalist with more than fifteen years of experience, Gosia is currently based in Oregon. Wozniacka worked for five years as a staff reporter for The Associated Press in Fresno, California, and then in Portland, Oregon. She wrote extensively about agriculture, water, and other environmental issues, farmworkers and immigration policy, URL: https://civileats.com/2019/05/07/less-than-1-percent-of-us-farmworkers-belong-to-a-union-heres-why/ , KR
Historically Excluded and Unprotected
Federal and state laws have long excluded farmworker from labor
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historically have been dedicated enough to run a farmworker union," added Flores.
Unions are key for sustainable agriculture – only collective bargaining rights and unionization checks – international union of agriculture proves
Hurst et. al, 07, "Agricultural Workers and Their Contribution to Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development", ILO, Peter Hurst is the IUF's Occupational Health and Safety Specialist, Paola Termine is the FAO's Rural Institutions and Rural Workers Officer, Marilee Karl is a consultant with the FAO's Rural Institutions and Participation Service.URL: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-ed'dialogue/—-actrav/documents/publication/wcms'113732.pdf, KR
To address the problem of unilateral codes, the IUF, working with affiliates and
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also designed for use by small farmers and non- governmental organizations.126
Sustainable agriculture, emphasized by farmers and unions, is key for biodiversity
FP, 20, "Biodiversity and Agriculture: Industrial agriculture places consistency and productivity over biodiversity, but preserving the immense variety of life on earth is vital to the health of our planet and helps us safeguard our own food supply.", Food Print: a non-profit organization dedicated to research and education on food production practices., URL: https://foodprint.org/issues/biodiversity-and-agriculture/, 20+ since some citations are from 2020, KR
Given that agriculture’s expanding footprint is responsible for so much habitat loss, preventing wild
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,
Extend Xu and Ramanathan 17.
Thus, I affirm.