1ac - constitutivism must grant permissibility or presumption 1n - ensuring social order nc 1ar- constitutivism 2n- ensuring social order nc 2ar- constitutivism
Blue Key
4
Opponent: Strake Jesuit MS | Judge: Arjan Kang
1ac- gauthier 1n - must spec strikes tt with hella tricks util cp theory hedge lbl 1ar - extempted shell must check in cx gauthier 2n - theory takeouts util 2ar - shell
Valley
1
Opponent: Lexington VM | Judge: Wyatt Hatfield
1ac- virtue 1n- disabled pess 1ar- meta ethic rob index 2n- pess 2ar- rob index
Valley
3
Opponent: Rosemount CP | Judge: TJ Maher
1ac- virtue advantage 1n- util 1ar- advantage 1ac shell virtue 2n- winning their advantage as a turn 2ar- 1ac shell advantage
Yale
2
Opponent: Ridge SN | Judge: Favian Sun
1ac- virtue 1nc- util china da buy out cp 1ar - virtue 2n- util 2ar- virtue
Yale
3
Opponent: Edgemont Junior-Senior AA | Judge: Neville Tom
1ac- virtue 1n- util DA 1ar- virtue 2n- util better 2ar- util bad my world sufficient
Yale
6
Opponent: Lexington VM | Judge: Ben Waldman
1ac- virtue 1n- kant skep rvis on ac theory 1ar- virtue no rvis 2n- rvis 2ar- impact defense virtue
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0 - Contact Info
Tournament: Any | Round: Finals | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any Hey! I am Nick, I use he/him pronouns. If you want me to make any accommodations or give content warnings, let me know before the round.
Phone: 754-237-9225 Email: pl242601@ahschool.com Facebook: Nicholas Randazzo (preferred method)
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0 - Contact info G - Generics SO - September-October ND - November-December JF - January-February MA - March-April
I am on the right side of the race war.
9/17/21
ND - Constitutivism AC
Tournament: Blue Key | Round: 1 | Opponent: Bentonville VK | Judge: Megan Wu 1AC Overview Interp – The negative must grant the aff presumption or permissibility. A violation would be reading both or contesting one in the 2n. Prefer – A) Strat skew – Otherwise it incentivizes the 1n to read multiple NIBs and frontload the 1n with presumption and permissibility offense which is particularly bad since there isn’t a substantive truth to either side it’s a q of how long you can spend on it which means the neg wins substance every round. B) Timeskew – I have to invest major time in the 1ar winning both because 2n flexibility can collapse to either one with a hidden trigger, only having to answer one or do weighing saves me half that time which is key in the 4 min 1ar. C) Topic ed – spamming presumption and permissibility incentivizes the neg to only read things like skep and a prioris to collapse the debate to those layers. Framework I value morality. The Meta-Ethic is Non-Naturalism. 1 The naturalistic fallacy – examples of goodness fail to define the ultimate good. Moore 03, Moore, G. E. “Principia Ethica” http://fair-use.org/g-e-moore/principia-ethica/. Published 1903 SHS ZS Good, then, if ...endeavour to dispose. 2 Only a priori knowledge is epistemically reliable. Descartes 41, René, 1641. Discourse On Method ; and, Meditations on First Philosophy, NPR Yet from everything ... certain and unshakeable. 3 Only transcendental idealism explains agency—the mechanistic world reliant on physics necessitates determinism, but freedom lives in the noumenal realm Scholten 20, Matthé Scholten , Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany, published in the European Journal of Philosophy, “Kant is a soft determinist”, Accepted 12/30/20, DOI: 10.1111/ejop.12634 AHSNPR On a second ... and “libertarian compatibilism” (Ertl, 2014, p. 410). There are three ways to categorize the substance of these non-natural properties: Internally, Externally, or from our Constitutive nature as beings. Internalism and Externalism fail – only constitutivism can be solve their deficiencies. Kastafanas 14, Kastafanas, Paul. "Constitutivism About Practical Reasons". Philarchive.Org, 2014, https://philarchive.org/archive/KATCAP. Scopa Consider a perfectly ... practicality and queerness. That requires practical reason as the basis for ethics: 1 Regress – Ethical theories must have a basis. We can always ask why we should follow the basis of a theory, so they aren’t morally binding because they don’t have a starting point. Practical reason solves – When we ask why we should follow reason, we demand a reason, which concedes to the authority of reason itself, so it’s the only thing we can follow 2 Inescapability – Every agent intrinsically values practical reason when they go about setting and pursuing an end under a moral theory, as it presupposes that the end they are committing is an intrinsic good. That necessitates practical reason as a necessary means to follow through on any given end. That justifies a universal moral law –
Absent universal ethics morality becomes arbitrary since it can be meaninglessly applied in different ways without reason. Non-arbitrariness is a side constraint – only non-arbitrary principles can hold agent culpable for their actions since otherwise we could make up ethical rules for different situations to punish people. 2. A priori principles like reason apply to everyone since they are independent of human experience. That means to allow one to violate a rule without another would be a contradiction. 3. Every agent is equally morally relevant, which requires equal treatment and equal standards for ethics. Therefore, In order to respect each agent as a practical reasoner, we require a universal set of moral laws for what counts as a violation of the principles of rational reflection. Thus, the standard is consistency with the categorical imperative as enacted through the omnilateral will. Prefer –
Motivation – The categorical imperative is intrinsically motivational since it respects the nature of agency, which is the mechanism by which we can set and pursue any end – absent the motivation to pursue ends you would no longer be an agent, which means to be an agent necessitates being motivated to act. 2. Theoretically prefer – A Real World Education – Governments operate in consistency to Kantian conceptions of the state. Empirically proven – legitimate states have deontic side constraints like a bill of rights or constitutional courts, but no state is allowed to violate citizens’ liberties for the purpose of the greater good B Resource Disparities – A focus on statistics and evidence rewards the debaters with the most preround prep which just increases the disparity between large schools with huge evidence files and lone wolves without coaches. A Kantian debate can easily be won without any preround prep as all that is need is analytical arguments. 3. Performativity—freedom is the key to the process of justification of arguments. Willing that we should abide by their ethical theory presupposes that we own ourselves in the first place. Thus, it is logically incoherent to justify a standard without first willing that we can pursue ends free from others. Impact calc: 1) only evaluate intents a) to account for all foreseen impacts would prevent action because individuals would become morally culpable for all actions and states of affairs not just those that factor into the will b) Otherwise ethical theories hold agents responsible for consequences external to their will which removes any reason to be moral because agents cannot control what they are being punished for 2) Alternative frameworks do not negate: a) anything else would require an external standard of evaluation, but that would require a further standard, which is infinitely regress and b) the index of my reason is distinct from the ethical realm of an alternative reason, so I still have a sufficient one to act 3) Fairness first— a) Evaluation – even if their arguments seem true, that’s only because they already had an advantage – fairness is a meta constraint on your ability to determine who best meets their ROB b) Inescapable – every argument you make concedes the authority of fairness: i.e. that the judge will evaluate your arguments. Absent some judge-debater reciprocal relationship existing, hack against them. Contention I contend that a just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike
Because employees are dependent upon their employer, employees are subject to a severe power imbalance that constitutes coercion. Budd and Scoville 05, John W. Budd and James G. Scoville "The Ethics of Human Resources and Industrial Relations.", p.70, LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS ASSOCIATION SERIES, Cornell University Press, October 15, 2005 http://jbudd.csom.umn.edu/RESEARCH/hrirethics.htm AHSNPR Accessed 10/23/21 The overwhelming number ... an unethical foundation. The right to unionize and strike corrects this power imbalance by ensuring an opportunity for organization and collective bargaining. Bowie 99, Norman E., professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota “Business Ethics: A Kantian Perspective” Wiley Blackwell. https://b-ok.cc/book/2885756/a063b7 Accessed 10/24/21 Although I emphasize ... of meaningful work. 2. The right to strike prevents managerial interference and ensures respect for workers, rather than allowing them to be used as means for the end of enriching an employer Richman 12, Sheldon Richman, writing on Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) wrote those words in his Principles of Sociology (1896)); May 20, 2012; “Is There a Libertarian Case for Organized Labor?”; http://reason.com/archives/2012/05/20/is-there-a-libertarian-case-for-organize AHSNPR Accessed 10/24/21 *brackets in original Spencer begins his ...Passing to what? 3. Put away your turns— a) strikes are an omission of action so theyre legitimate b) non-uncoditional rights are arbitrary terms for what workers should and should not do not based on any real principles Underview 1 Aff gets 1AR theory—they can be infinitely abusive in the NC because I will have no ability to call them out on it. This outweighs any other arguments because there is no way for me to win the round without 1ar theory. And, 1AR theory is a reason to drop the debater because the speech is too short to be able to win substance and theory. And, no neg RVI or new 2nr paradigm issues because it would be impossible to check NC abuse since the 6 min 2N could go all in on theory, disincentivizing 1AR theory. AFF fairness issues come prior to NC arguments a) The 1ar can’t engage on multiple layers if there is a skew since the speech is already time-crunched b) Sets up an invincible 2n since there are a million of unfair things you can collapse to, to win every round. Evaluate aff theory before neg theory and T- the neg has the ability to win their shell and beat back the aff shell in the long 2NR, whereas it’s impossible for me to beat back their shell and my shell in the short 2AR
10/29/21
ND - Gauthier AC
Tournament: Blue Key | Round: 4 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit MS | Judge: Arjan Kang I value morality. Ethical Internalism is true:
Motivation – A) Externalist notions of ethics collapse to internal since the only reason agents follow external demands is those demands are consistent with their internal account of the good. Motivation is a necessary feature for ethics since normativity only matters insofar as agents follow through on the ethic that’s generated from it B) Empirics – there is no factual account of the good since each agents’ motivations are unique and there has been no conversion of differing beliefs into a unified ethic. 2. Moral truths are contextual rather than universal – A) Contradictions – it would be illogical to say that x is always true because there are situations in which we internally judge x to be false, for example to assert “murder is wrong” as an external force would be to say every instance like “self-defense is just” would be a contradiction. B) Experience – Even the most objective description of another individuals’ experience cannot bridge the epistemic gap between my experience and theirs (for example, I cannot know what cilantro tastes like to a lemur), which means a universal understanding of experience is impossible C) Ethical theories are insular – they define the good and language to describe it in their own terms. Joyce 02, Joyce, Richard. Myth of Morality. Port Chester, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2002. p 45-47. Scopa This distinction between ... or the other. Thus, agents justify their actions based on individual moral preferences and deal with ethical dilemmas by prioritizing certain beliefs. It’s a constitutive feature of humanity to rationally maximize value under a particular index of the good. Gauthier 98, David Gauthier, Canadian-American philosopher best known for his neo-Hobbesian social contract theory of morality, Why Contractarianism?, 1998, /AHS PB Recut by Scopa Fortunately, I do ... survive conflict with it.
And because agents takes their own ability to act as intrinsically valuable, permissibility is avoided through a system of mutual self restraint where agents refrain from impeding upon the actions of other agents, under the expectation that others will do the same out of rational self interest. This is achieved through a system of contracts which both parties’ consent to in order to regulate behavior. Gauthier 2, David Gauthier, Canadian-American philosopher best known for his neo-Hobbesian social contract theory of morality, Why Contractarianism?, 1998 /AHS PB Recut by Scopa I shall not ... with other agents Thus, the standard is consistency with inter-personal constructivism. To clarify, it’s contractarianism. And, the framework outweighs on actor specificity: States are not physical actors, but derive authority from contracts that allow them to constrain action. Prefer additionally –
Flexibility – Contracts are key to a) Encompassing all other ethical calculus into our decision since we process the consistency of those frameworks with our self interest and b) Value pluralism – recognizing a singular ethic fails to account for the complexity of moral problems and genuine moral disagreement. My framework solves since we can recognize multiple legitimate values while allowing individuals to exclude ones that are bad. 2. Bindingness – A) Arising of Ethics – Every interaction with another agent is mediated by consent to participate in that interaction since otherwise agents could simply leave, which means there is an implicit social contract formed in every ethical interaction and B) Culpability – Only contracts can ensure agents are held to their agreements since there is a verifiable basis for judging their action as wrong as well as a pre-established punishment for breaking it. 3. Regress – A) Reason – Only my framework answers the question “why be moral”, since agents have a reason to restrain their conflict due to self-interest rather than some non-existent transcendental principle B) Debates – When we compare between frameworks we suppose a higher evaluative mechanism, which presupposes a higher one, which means only self-contained rules in contracts are coherent. 4. Performativity— the existence of a debate requires a contractual agreement to participate and knowledge of rules Advocacy I contend that a just government ought to recognize an unconditional right of workers to strike. If you want me to defend enforcement, its through IFAs, which is normal means Neill 12 Emily CM; “The Right to Strike: How the United States Reduces it to the Freedom to Strike and How International Framework Agreements can Redeem it,” 1/1/12; Labor and Employment Law Forum Volume 2 Issue 2 Article 6; https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/andhttpsredir=1andarticle=1047andcontext=lelb Justin IFAs open the ...a protected right. Contention
Contractarianism requires parties to be on equal footing when entering agreements, as otherwise the agreement is corrupted by the unequal influence of those in power. Because some inequality is inevitable, ideal solutions can only be found by abstracting away into a hypothetical bargaining situation. Gauthier 3, David Gauthier, Canadian-American philosopher best known for his neo-Hobbesian social contract theory of morality, Why Contractarianism?, 1998, /AHS PB Recut by Scopa What a rational ... as internal procedures. That affirms – 1) Because employees are dependent upon their employer, employees are subject to a severe power imbalance that constitutes coercion. Budd and Scoville 05, John W. Budd and James G. Scoville "The Ethics of Human Resources and Industrial Relations.", p.70, LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS ASSOCIATION SERIES, Cornell University Press, October 15, 2005 http://jbudd.csom.umn.edu/RESEARCH/hrirethics.htm AHSNPR Accessed 10/23/21 The overwhelming number ... an unethical foundation. The right to unionize and strike corrects this power imbalance by ensuring an opportunity for organization and collective bargaining. Bowie 99, Norman E., professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota “Business Ethics: A Kantian Perspective” Wiley Blackwell. https://b-ok.cc/book/2885756/a063b7 AHSNPR Accessed 10/24/21 Although I emphasize ... of meaningful work. 2. The National Labor Relations Act explicitly defends the right to strike National Labor Relations Board ND, National Labor Relations Board is comprised of a team of professionals who work to assure fair labor practices and workplace democracy nationwide, https://www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/rights-we-protect/your-rights/nlra-and-the-right-to-strike Accessed 10/25/21 AHSNPR The Right to ...have been reinstated.
10/30/21
SO - Virtue Ethics AC
Tournament: Yale | Round: 2 | Opponent: Ridge SN | Judge: Favian Sun Meta-Ethic The meta-ethic is consistency with transcendental form of subjects.
Moral Realism is true – relativism is circular since asserting relativism assumes its own universal truth, which concedes the authority of realism And, that’s only accessible through procedural transcendental idealism – Motivation – empirical circumstances change based one each individual, only transcendent moral truths can motivate all agents absent those features. Jindal 99, Jindal, Bobby. Louisiana Law Review, 1999. Web. http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5780andcontext=lalrev.//Scopa Modem political philosophers ... description and obligation.
That transcendental truth is the forms – they are the essence of the world that transcend space and time. The material world inherently lacks a capability to manifest the form and cannot generate true reality, only the forms themselves understood by reason allow for true moral and epistemic knowledge. Heyüman 15, http://ftp.oxfordphilsoc.org/Documents/StudentPrize/2015_H1b.pdfscopa Forms can be ... is ultimately real.
Prefer –
Performativity – a) all appeals to the good attempt to reference an ultimate form of the good and define it in the material world b) thoughts and ideas can only exist insofar as the theory of the form is true since it is what defines our ability to generate those thoughts in the first place.
2. Constitutivism – Transcendental forms are constitutive of every object and idea since there is necessarily an essence to their existence that extends beyond their physical manifestation, and that each tries to strive for by necessity since the form is what guides the material.
3. Metaphysics – the world is fundamentally an organism we are a piece of, everything is made of the same substance and consciousness is a cosmically natural form. Lanza 07, Robert. “Are We Part of a Single Living Organism?” The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 27 Nov. 2011, www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-lanza/are-we-part-of-a-single-l_b_981643.html.Scopa Consciousness is like ...form it can And, that allows us to correspond our natural epistemic facts through revision with our intuition – we have innate moral compasses because we have a sense of our life-form, in the same way our organs know how to perform its function properly.
Framework Morals are determined by function—other interpretations fail to bridge the is-ought gap Macintyre 81, Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue, 1981 https://epistemh.pbworks.com/f/4.+Macintyre.pdf Accessed 8/14/21 AHSNPR This change of ... a functional concept.
That necessitates a virtue paradigm since it’s the only account of ethics that develops the individual. Reader 2k, Reader, Soren. Late Professor of Philosophy, Durham University “New Directions in Ethics: Naturalism, Reasons, and Virtue.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 3, No. 4, Dec. 2000 Scopa. Virtue is a ...mastered the skill.
Thus, the standard is consistency with fostering virtue.
Prefer additionally –
All ethics collapse to virtue – a) Motivation – to follow a moral theory is to commit yourself to an attempting to become a better person through fostering virtue b) Performativity – the practice of engaging in philosophy is the practice of fostering virtue through teachings of morality, proves the construct of LD at seeking the proper way to act and philosophy in general concede its authority c) Solves oppression since fostering good moral character prevents acts of psychological and material violence and removes the ideology of hate from the spirit d) Solipsism – even if only one subject exists, only virtue resolves the problem of acting for another because it’s a question of developing the self to be good, otherwise we couldn’t generate obligations.
2. Constitutivism – every agent guided by practical principles strives to live a good life and avoid evil – it is the defining feature of the human agent. Aquinas 85, St. Thomas Aquinas -- Summa Theologicae Part II, I, Q. 94 The Natural Law Scopa. Now as "being"...to be avoided."
3. Actor spec – the role of the state is to foster virtue. Smith 12, George H. Smith FEB 28, 2012 The Roots of State Education Part 3: Aristotle and Civic... of the State….” 4. Eudaimonia— Living a life consistent with virtues is key to human flourishing and fulfillment, the ultimate happiness. It’s the basis of an entire field of psychology. Anything else denies self-value which kills value to life Moore 20, Dr. Catherine Moore PhD is a psychologist with a passion for positive psychology research, “What is Eudaimonia? Aristotle and Eudaimonic Well-Being”, 1/09/20, Positive Psychologist https://positivepsychology.com/eudaimonia/ Accessed 1/11/21 AHS/NPR Aristotlean Eudaimonia Numerous... EWB is based. Impact calc: 1. My framework doesn’t care about consequences nor intents, just the procedural question and the empirical states it produces to foster virtue 2. Other frameworks don’t negate – a) anything else would require an external standard of evaluation, but that would require a further standard, which is infinitely regress and b) the index of my reason is distinct from the ethical realm of an alternative reason, so I still have a sufficient one to act 3. Reject impact calc indicts – a) just proves being virtuous is hard but moral practice is the point, so it just proves the aff is necessary b) actions aimed toward the good are virtuous resolved by intuitions, that’s the Lanza evidence and anything else collapses to skepticism since we can’t trust our own judgements about morality. 4. Aretaic first— A Motivation- deontic theories are always external rules that kill motivation since people won’t always care to follow it— aretaic solves since people naturally desire to be the best version of them B fostering good moral character creates better agents that will actually care about their ethic in the first place, so the aff is a prereq C Deontic oversimplifies actions down to right and wrong, but aretaic expresses degrees like admirable making weighing possible
Contention I defend that the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.
2 Communitarian open-source platforms for developing biotechnology cultivate charity-based virtues and intellectual virtues aimed at healing the world of ailments Opderbeck 07, David W. Opderbeck, Maine Law Review Vol. 59 No.2 (2007) “A Virtue-Centered Approach to the Biotechnology Commons (Or, The Virtuous Penguin)” https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/mlr/vol59/iss2/5/ Accessed 8/11/21 NPR The virtue ethics ... intellectual property policy.
3 Property rights are incoherent under the forms. Everything material intrinsically has a form that’s universally accessible to all people. That means individuals can’t claim ownership to something everyone has access to.
Underview 1 Aff gets 1ar theory, DTD, No neg RVI, CI, AC theory comes first 2 Consequences fail— A) induction fallacy— induction fails since it relies on the assumption that nature will hold uniform and we could only reach that conclusion through inductive reasoning based on observations of past events B) Butterfly effect—consequences lead to further consequences which prevents evaluation since a bad consequence could result in a good consequence to infinity C) Masochism—pleasure and pain are not intrinsic goods because some individuals feel that their own pain is good, if they are that means that pleasure and pain just blend 3 If the affirmative reads a meta-ethic, the neg must concede the standard – a) Phil ed – it forces a meta-ethic debate which o/w since it is unique to LD and is a new form of education that doesn’t happen often b) Strat skew – anything else nullifies the time I spent reading the standard and you can frame out my offense c) Reciprocity – I can’t frame out the NC since I spoke first and you craft a strat in response to mine. The meta-ethic solves all your offense since you can still answer the top level framing of the aff which is the most important anyway.
9/18/21
SO - Virtue Ethics AC v2
Tournament: Yale | Round: 3 | Opponent: Edgemont Junior-Senior AA | Judge: Neville Tom The meta-ethic is consistency with transcendental form of subjects.
Moral truths are only accessible through procedural transcendental idealism – a) Is/ought gap – appeals to the empirical world merely explain how the world is rather than what it ought to be b) The Naturalistic Fallacy: It is impossible to reduce goodness to an observable property, since the two are fundamentally separate. For example, if we believe an action that produces pleasure is good, it does not logically follow that pleasure and goodness are the same property, since the fact they describe the same thing does not make them the same thing. c) Open Question—observable properties cannot be the basis for ethics since to claim a property is good in itself, asking if that property was good would be a meaningless tautology d) Natural properties are aribitrary since one could observe any natural phenomenon and equate it with goodness e) Motivation – empirical circumstances change based one each individual, only transcendent moral truths can motivate all agents absent those features.
That transcendental truth is the forms – they are the essence of the world that transcend space and time. The material world inherently lacks a capability to manifest the form and cannot generate true reality, only the forms themselves understood by reason allow for true moral and epistemic knowledge. Heyüman 15, http://ftp.oxfordphilsoc.org/Documents/StudentPrize/2015_H1b.pdfscopa Forms can be ... is ultimately real.
Prefer –
Infinite regress – any question of empirical morality begs the question of a higher understanding which is the form of that object, otherwise we could always ask how to measure the good infinitely. At worst form is always a prior question since it’s what we refer a good material object to when we attempt to articulate its goodness.
2. Performativity – a) all appeals to the good attempt to reference an ultimate form of the good and define it in the material world b) thoughts and ideas can only exist insofar as the theory of the form is true since it is what defines our ability to generate those thoughts in the first place.
3. Metaphysics – the world is fundamentally an organism we are a piece of, everything is made of the same substance and consciousness is a cosmically natural form. Lanza 07, Robert. “Are We Part of a Single Living Organism?” The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 27 Nov. 2011, www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-lanza/are-we-part-of-a-single-l_b_981643.html.Scopa Consciousness is like ... its function properly.
Framework Morals are determined by function—other interpretations fail to bridge the is-ought gap Macintyre 81, Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue, 1981 https://epistemh.pbworks.com/f/4.+Macintyre.pdf Accessed 8/14/21 AHSNPR This change of ...a functional concept.
That necessitates a virtue paradigm since it’s the only account of ethics that develops the individual. Reader 2k, Reader, Soren. Late Professor of Philosophy, Durham University “New Directions in Ethics: Naturalism, Reasons, and Virtue.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 3, No. 4, Dec. 2000 Scopa. Virtue is a free ... mastered the skill.
Thus, the standard is consistency with fostering virtue.
Prefer additionally –
All ethics collapse to virtue – a) Motivation – to follow a moral theory is to commit yourself to an attempting to become a better person through fostering virtue b) Performativity – the practice of engaging in philosophy is the practice of fostering virtue through teachings of morality, proves the construct of LD at seeking the proper way to act and philosophy in general concede its authority c) Solipsism – its true since I can’t verify the existence of other agents. Even if only one subject exists, only virtue resolves the problem of acting for another because it’s a question of developing the self to be good, otherwise we couldn’t generate obligations.
2. Constitutivism – every agent guided by practical principles strives to live a good life and avoid evil – it is the defining feature of the human agent. Aquinas 85, St. Thomas Aquinas -- Summa Theologicae Part II, I, Q. 94 The Natural Law Scopa. Now as "being" ... to be avoided."
3. Actor spec – the role of the state is to foster virtue. Smith 12, George H. Smith FEB 28, 2012 The Roots of State Education Part 3: Aristotle and Civic Virtue formerly Senior Research Fellow for the Institute for Humane Studies, a lecturer on American History for Cato Summer Seminars, and Executive Editor of Knowledge Products. Smith's fourth book, The System of Liberty, was recently published by Cambridge University PressScopa Aristotle explicitly repudiated ...of the State….” 4. Eudaimonia— Living a life consistent with virtues is key to human flourishing and fulfillment, the ultimate happiness. It’s the basis of an entire field of psychology. Anything else denies self-value which kills value to life Moore 20, Dr. Catherine Moore PhD is a psychologist with a passion for positive psychology research, “What is Eudaimonia? Aristotle and Eudaimonic Well-Being”, 1/09/20, Positive Psychologist https://positivepsychology.com/eudaimonia/ Accessed 1/11/21 AHS/NPR Aristotlean Eudaimonia Numerous ... EWB is based. Impact calc: 1. The framing evaluates offense based on whether or not a decision allows for the procedural cultivation of virtues— takes out most calc indicts since we don’t need to know what a virtue is, we just need to have humans making decisions 2. Other frameworks don’t negate – a) anything else would require an external standard of evaluation, but that would require a further standard, which is infinitely regress and b) the index of my reason is distinct from the ethical realm of an alternative reason, so I still have a sufficient one to act 3. Reject impact calc indicts – a) just proves being virtuous is hard but moral practice is the point, so it just proves the aff is necessary b) actions aimed toward the good are virtuous resolved by intuitions, that’s the Lanza evidence and anything else collapses to skepticism since we can’t trust our own judgements about morality. 4. Consequentialism fails— a) Induction fails since it relies on the assumption that nature will hold uniform and we could only reach that conclusion through inductive reasoning based on observations of past events b) Consequences trigger more consequences and there is no non-arbitrary stopping point to evaluating them which makes evaluating them impossible c) Humans can predict an infinite amount of possible extinction scenarios which makes preventing extinction impossible if we have to mitigate them all d) A lack of pleasure is not intrinsically bad but lack of pain is inherently good which means extinction would be ethically obligatory e) There is nothing ever intrinsically wrong under consequentialism since the ethic would make morally abhorrent actions obligatory under the guise of preventing extinction— that justifies atrocities and makes the debate round inaccessible which is a reason to drop them 5. Aretaic theories first— A Motivation- other theories are always external rules that kill motivation since people won’t always care to follow it— aretaic solves since people naturally desire to be the best version of them B fostering good moral character creates better agents that will actually care about their ethic in the first place, so the aff is a prereq
Contention I defend that the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines.
2 Communitarian open-source platforms for developing biotechnology cultivate charity-based virtues and intellectual virtues aimed at healing the world of ailments Opderbeck 07, David W. Opderbeck, Maine Law Review Vol. 59 No.2 (2007) “A Virtue-Centered Approach to the Biotechnology Commons (Or, The Virtuous Penguin)” https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/mlr/vol59/iss2/5/ Accessed 8/11/21 NPR The virtue ethics ...intellectual property policy.
3 Property rights are incoherent under the forms. Everything material intrinsically has a form that’s universally accessible to all people. That means individuals can’t claim ownership to something everyone has access to. Underview 1 aff gets 1ar theory—extempted 2 If the affirmative reads a meta-ethic, the neg must concede the standard – a) Phil ed – it forces a meta-ethic debate which o/w since it is unique to LD and is a new form of education that doesn’t happen often
9/18/21
SO - Virtue Ethics AC v3
Tournament: Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rosemount CP | Judge: TJ Maher Overview 1 Interp – The negative must grant the aff presumption or permissibility. A violation would be reading both or contesting one in the 2n. Prefer – A) Strat skew – Otherwise it incentivizes the 1n to read multiple NIBs and frontload the 1n with presumption and permissibility offense which is particularly bad since there isn’t a substantive truth to either side it’s a q of how long you can spend on it which means the neg wins substance every round. B) Timeskew – I have to invest major time in the 1ar winning both because 2n flexibility can collapse to either one with a hidden trigger, only having to answer one or do weighing saves me half that time which is key in the 4 min 1ar. C) Topic ed – spamming presumption and permissibility incentivizes the neg to only read things like skep and a prioris to collapse the debate to those layers.
2 Aff gets theory, DTD, No neg RVI, CI, aff theory first 3 The role of the ballot is to determine the truth or falsity of the resolution through a substantively justified ethical fw
Ought is moral. Chrisman 12, Chrisman, Matthew The Department of Philosophy in The School of Philosophy Psychology and Language. "‘Ought’and Control." Australasian Journal of Philosopy 90.3 (2012): 433-451. Scopa Ethical theorists are ... does ‘ought’ mean? 2. Constitutivism: The ballot asks you to either vote aff or neg based on the given resolution a) Five dictionaries define to negate as to deny the truth of and affirm as to prove true which means its intrinsic to the nature of the activity b) the purpose of debate is the acquisition of knowledge in pursuit of truth. It’s a jurisdictional issue since it questions whether the judge should go outside the scope of the game. 4 If the affirmative reads a meta-ethic, the neg must concede the standard – a) Phil ed – it forces a meta-ethic debate which o/w since it is unique to LD and is a new form of education that doesn’t happen often b) Strat skew – anything else nullifies the time I spent reading the standard and you can frame out my offense c) Reciprocity – I can’t frame out the NC since I spoke first and you craft a strat in response to mine. The meta-ethic solves all your offense since you can still answer the top level framing of the aff which is the most important anyway.
AC The meta-ethic is consistency with transcendental form of subjects. Moral Realism is true – there is an ethical truth that exists metaphysically: relativism collapses since it assumes the universal truth of relativism And, that’s only accessible through procedural transcendental idealism – Motivation – empirical circumstances change based one each individual, only transcendent moral truths can motivate all agents absent those features. That transcendental truth is the forms – they are the essence of the world that transcend space and time. The material world inherently lacks a capability to manifest the form and cannot generate true reality, only the forms themselves understood by reason allow for true moral and epistemic knowledge. Heyüman 15, http://ftp.oxfordphilsoc.org/Documents/StudentPrize/2015_H1b.pdfscopa Forms can be ... is ultimately real.
Prefer –
1 Constitutivism – Transcendental forms are constitutive of every object and idea since there is necessarily an essence to their existence that extends beyond their physical manifestation, and that each tries to strive for by necessity since the form is what guides the material. 2 Metaphysics – the world is fundamentally an organism we are a piece of, everything is made of the same substance and consciousness is a cosmically natural form. Lanza 07, Robert. “Are We Part of a Single Living Organism?” The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 27 Nov. 2011, www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-lanza/are-we-part-of-a-single-l_b_981643.html.Scopa Consciousness is like ... form it can And, that allows us to correspond our natural epistemic facts through revision with our intuition – we have innate moral compasses because we have a sense of our life-form, in the same way our organs know how to perform its function properly. FW Morals are determined by function—other interpretations fail to bridge the is-ought gap Macintyre 81, Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue, 1981 https://epistemh.pbworks.com/f/4.+Macintyre.pdf Accessed 8/14/21 AHSNPR This change of ... a functional concept.
That necessitates a virtue paradigm since it’s the only account of ethics that develops the individual. Reader 2k, Reader, Soren. Late Professor of Philosophy, Durham University “New Directions in Ethics: Naturalism, Reasons, and Virtue.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 3, No. 4, Dec. 2000 Scopa. Virtue is a ... mastered the skill.
Thus, the standard is consistency with fostering virtue.
Prefer additionally –
All ethics collapse to virtue – a) Motivation – to follow a moral theory is to commit yourself to an attempting to become a better person through fostering virtue b) Performativity – the practice of engaging in philosophy is the practice of fostering virtue through teachings of morality, proves the construct of LD at seeking the proper way to act and philosophy in general concede its authority c) Solves oppression since fostering good moral character prevents acts of psychological and material violence and removes the ideology of hate from the spirit d) Solipsism – even if only one subject exists, only virtue resolves the problem of acting for another because it’s a question of developing the self to be good, otherwise we couldn’t generate obligations.
2. Actor spec – the role of the state is to foster virtue. Teaches good governance that prevents arbitrary applications of laws—nonarbitrariness is a side constraint since only a non-arbitrary principle can hold agents morally accountable since otherwise we can’t know what our obligations are Smith 12, George H. Smith FEB 28, 2012 The Roots of State Education Part 3: Aristotle and Civic Virtue formerly Senior Research Fellow for the Institute for Humane Studies, a lecturer on American History for Cato Summer Seminars, and Executive Editor of Knowledge Products. Smith's fourth book, The System of Liberty, was recently published by Cambridge University PressScopa Aristotle explicitly repudiated ... of the State….” Impact calc: 1. My framework doesn’t care about consequences nor intents, just the procedural question and the empirical states it produces to foster virtue 2. Kant doesn’t negate – a) anything else would require an external standard of evaluation, but that would require a further standard, which is infinitely regress and b) the index of my reason is distinct from the ethical realm of an alternative reason, so I still have a sufficient one to act 3. Reject impact calc indicts – a) just proves being virtuous is hard but moral practice is the point, so it just proves the aff is necessary b) actions aimed toward the good are virtuous resolved by intuitions, that’s the Lanza evidence and anything else collapses to skepticism since we can’t trust our own judgements about morality. 4. Aretaic first— A Motivation- deontic theories are always external rules that kill motivation since people won’t always care to follow it— aretaic solves since people naturally desire to be the best version of them B fostering good moral character creates better agents that will actually care about their ethic in the first place, so the aff is a prereq C Deontic oversimplifies actions down to right and wrong, but aretaic expresses degrees like admirable making weighing possible Offense I defend that the member nations of the World Trade Organization ought to reduce intellectual property protections for medicines. Communitarian open-source platforms for developing biotechnology cultivate charity-based virtues and intellectual virtues aimed at healing the world of ailments Opderbeck 07, David W. Opderbeck, Maine Law Review Vol. 59 No.2 (2007) “A Virtue-Centered Approach to the Biotechnology Commons (Or, The Virtuous Penguin)” https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/mlr/vol59/iss2/5/ Accessed 8/11/21 NPR The virtue ethics ... intellectual property policy.
2 Your turns don’t negate— a) They assume the state has an obligation to be virtuous but its role is merely to cultivate virtue b) Everything material intrinsically has a form that’s universally accessible to all people. That means individuals can’t claim ownership to something everyone has access to c) Creationism – Property rights are based on the notion of an individual mixing a unique aspect of themselves with a physical property that justifies a deserving of ownership, but intellectual property is not created by individuals, but rather, is discovered. That means we’d be providing arbitrary ownership of an idea to an agent that didn’t create it. 3 More turns— 1) IP necessitates freerididing off of past scientific discoveries 2) Uses people’s suffering as a means to an end of profit 3) IP prevents the sovereign from accessing property, weakening them 4) IP regimes are tied to rising biodiversity loss. PAMUN 14 – “PAMUN Xviii Research Report— Question Of Intellectual Property And Biodiversity” http://asp-edu.net/pamun/pamun2013/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/OK_EDITED_-UNCTAD-biodiversity-and-IP-1.pdf ahs emi During the last ... hindering natural diversity. This causes Extinction. Schelske 20 Why managing biodiversity risk is critical for the global economy By Oliver Schelske, Natural Assets and ESG Research Lead, Swiss Re Institute and Bernd Wilke, Senior Risk Manager, Group Risk Management Published on:23 Sep 2020 https://www.swissre.com/risk-knowledge/mitigating-climate-risk/managing-biodiversity-risk-is-critical-for-global-economy.html Biodiversity and ecosystem ... that benefits everyone.